Surface tension parameters of ice obtained from contact angle data and from positive and negative particle adhesion to advancing freezing fronts

From contact angle data obtained on flat ice surfaces with a number of liquids, combined with data on particle and macromolecule adhesion or non-adhesion to advancing freezing fronts, the apolar (Lifshitz-van der Waals or LW) and polar (Lewis acid-base or AB) surface tension (γ) components and parameters have been determined. At 0°C these are γLW iee = 26.9 and γAB ice = 39.6 mJ/m2. The latter consists of an electron-acceptor (γ⊕) and an electron-donor (γ⊖) parameter: γ⊕ = 14 and γ⊖ = 28 mJ/m2.