Fracture energy and mechanical properties of toughened epoxy resin with eggshell powder
Source abstract
Abstract
Eggshells are daily food waste disposed of in landfills, producing environmental issues and an unpleasant odour. Eggshells powder may be suitably applied as a filler in epoxy resins to improve their mechanical properties. The material properties and fracture energy of toughened epoxy with eggshell powder (TEEP) were measured and investigated. Dog-bone specimens were fabricated to investigate the mechanical properties of TEEP (i.e. elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratios and tensile strength) and tested under quasi-static tensile loading. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and End-Notched Flexure (ENF) tests were used to determine the mode I and Mode II fracture energies of TEEP specimens, respectively. For this purpose, oven-dried eggshells were crushed into particles size of 100 µm. The volume fraction of eggshell powder as filler in TEEP is designated as 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The epoxy resin system was made by mixing EPIKOTE Resin 828 and Hardener 651 with a mixing ratio of 5:2 by weight. The results showed that the tensile strength, elastic modulus, fracture energy in Mode I and Mode II were optimum at TEEP 5% with an enhancement of 36.8%, 24.9%, 60.3% and 166.3%, respectively compared to that of neat epoxy. This is due to better surface roughness and the ability of eggshell powder as a crack arrestor. However, TEEP with 10% eggshell prone to agglomeration of eggshell powder caused poor bonding with epoxy resin and affect the mechanical properties.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Polymer composites and self-healing · Polymer Science and PVC
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Tak’zim, Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Department of Aerospace, Automotive and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Funding
Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
References (42)
Show source-provided references
1. 10.3390/ma1521750210.3390/ma15217502 ↗
2. 10.3390/polym1417361810.3390/polym14173618 ↗
3. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e0595910.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05959 ↗
4. 10.14314/polimery.2006.79410.14314/polimery.2006.794 ↗
5. 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.05.00410.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.05.004 ↗
6. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.10990010.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109900 ↗
7. 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.00210.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.002 ↗
8. Awani A. 2016). Malaysians Consume 1.8Million Chickens Daily. Retrieved February 4 2023 from http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/malaysians- con-sume-1-8-million-chickens-daily-ahmad-shabery-111491.
9. 10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/01209410.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012094 ↗
10. 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.01110.1016/j.niox.2017.09.011 ↗
11. 10.1007/978-981-15-2696-1_3810.1007/978-981-15-2696-1_38 ↗
12. Chaudari P, Gajare KS, Kulkarni MD. Epoxy resin based egg shell powder and coconut coir fiber composites. In Res Eng Technol. 2022;9(6):3296–3301.
13. 10.1002/pen.2133910.1002/pen.21339 ↗
14. 10.1016/j.pce.2020.10295110.1016/j.pce.2020.102951 ↗
15. Westlake Chemical Corporation. 2007). Technical Data Sheet Epikote 828. Retrieved October 14 2023 from http://www.westlakeepoxy.com/en-US/product/epikote-resin-828.
16. 10.3390/ma1209148910.3390/ma12091489 ↗
17. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.00210.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002 ↗
18. 10.3390/applmech204004010.3390/applmech2040040 ↗
19. Standard A. 2014). ASTM D638-Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
20. Bhuse P. 2018). Stress analysis and strength evaluation of scarf adhesive joint. SveríS College of Engineering, Pandharpur, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
21. 10.1186/s40563-018-0103-610.1186/s40563-018-0103-6 ↗
22. Standard A. 2005). ASTM D5528-Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
23. 10.1155/2013/69586210.1155/2013/695862 ↗
24. Standard A. 2019). ASTM D7905-Standard test method for determination of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
25. 10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.10012310.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100123 ↗
26. 10.1007/s42452-019-0200-610.1007/s42452-019-0200-6 ↗
27. 10.1080/19476337.2018.152778310.1080/19476337.2018.1527783 ↗
28. 10.1039/C6RA24772E10.1039/C6RA24772E ↗
29. 10.3390/ma1503093410.3390/ma15030934 ↗
30. 10.1155/2016/104760610.1155/2016/1047606 ↗
31. 10.1177/002199831877344510.1177/0021998318773445 ↗
32. 10.1177/096739112094345410.1177/0967391120943454 ↗
33. 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.04310.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.043 ↗
34. Rajinder P. Porosity-dependence of effective mechanical properties of pore-solid composite materials. J Compos Mater. 2005;39(1):1147–1158.
35. 10.3390/polym1422483010.3390/polym14224830 ↗
36. 10.1016/0032-3861(83)90070-810.1016/0032-3861(83)90070-8 ↗
37. 10.1063/1.504627910.1063/1.5046279 ↗
38. 10.1080/01694243.2018.155849210.1080/01694243.2018.1558492 ↗
39. 10.1177/073168441247001510.1177/0731684412470015 ↗
40. 10.1021/ma060227010.1021/ma0602270 ↗
41. 10.3390/fib806003610.3390/fib8060036 ↗
42. Hernandez E. 2015). Enhancing structural integrity of adhesive bonds through pulsed laser surface micro machining Master Thesis. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.