Development and analysis of biodegradable PVA biofilms reinforced with Benincasa hispida peel powder for sustainable packaging applications

Background: The growing demand for sustainable materials to reduce environmental pollution has increased research into biodegradable polymers as alternatives to conventional plastics.Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) biofilms reinforced with Benincasa Hispida Peel Powder (BHP), an agricultural waste-derived filler, to improve mechanical, structural, and biodegradability characteristics for packaging applications.Methods: PVA biofilms were fabricated with varying BHP concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight). The composites were characterized using FESEM, FTIR, and AFM to assess filler dispersion and matrix compatibility. Mechanical testing was performed according to ASTM standards, while water absorption and soil biodegradation tests were conducted to evaluate functional properties.Results: The incorporation of 10% BHP yielded optimal performance, with tensile strength competitive to conventional polymers. Structural analysis confirmed uniform filler dispersion and strong interfacial bonding between PVA and BHP. Additionally, the composites exhibited enhanced biodegradability and controlled water absorption, highlighting their suitability for sustainable packaging.Conclusion: PVA/BHP composites demonstrate strong potential as biodegradable packaging films, offering an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Future research should focus on optimizing chemical treatments of BHP and exploring scalability and applications in broader industrial sectors.