Activity gradient driven mass transport in molten fluoride salt medium
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The molten salt-cooled reactor concept has garnered significant interest and one of the current challenges limiting the deployment of these reactor concepts is the complex corrosion phenomenon observed in molten salt environments. One of these phenomena is activity gradient mass transport, which has been shown to affect dissimilar materials submerged in the same salt medium even when best efforts have been made to electrically isolate dissimilar materials from one another. This mechanism while shown experimentally, has not been predictively studied through a modeling approach. In this study, activity gradients in several 316L-X materials systems have been modeled and the mass transport predicted by the model has been confirmed through static isothermal corrosion testing in a molten fluoride salt medium.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes · Nuclear Materials and Properties · Nuclear materials and radiation effects
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (40)
Show source-provided references
1. Wright, R. N. & Sham, T.-L. Status of Metallic Structural Materials for Molten Salt Reactors. Idaho National Laboratory. Report No. INL/EXT-18-45171-Rev000 (2018).10.2172/1467482 ↗
2. Xu, X. et al. Experimental test of properties of KCl–MgCl2 eutectic molten salt for heat transfer and thermal storage fluid in concentrated solar power systems. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 140, 051011 (2018).10.1115/1.4040065 ↗
3. Vignarooban, K. et al. Vapor pressure and corrosivity of ternary metal-chloride molten-salt based heat transfer fluids for use in concentrating solar power systems. Appl. Energy 159, 206–213 (2015).10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.131 ↗
4. Sridharan, K. Understanding how materials corrode in nuclear reactors. Adv. Mater. Process. 170, 17–20 (2014).
5. Sridharan, K. & Allen, T. R. Corrosion in Molten Salts (Elsevier, 2013).10.1016/B978-0-12-398538-5.00012-3 ↗
6. Raiman, S. S., Muralidharan, G., Mayes, R. T. & Kurley, J. M. Compatibility Studies of Cladding Candidates and Advanced Low-Cr Superalloys in Molten NaCl-MgCl2 (Oak Ridge National Lab, 2019).10.2172/1507851 ↗
7. Falconer, C. et al. Non-galvanic mass transport in molten fluoride salt isothermal corrosion cells. Corros. Sci. 177, 108955 (2020).10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108955 ↗
8. Raiman, S. S. & Lee, S. Aggregation and data analysis of corrosion studies in molten chloride and fluoride salts. J. Nucl. Mater. 511, 523–535 (2018).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.07.036 ↗
9. Doniger, W. H. et al. Investigation of impurity driven corrosion behavior in molten 2LiF-BeF2 salt. Corros. Sci. 174, 108823 (2020).10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108823 ↗
10. Olson, L. C., Ambrosek, J. W., Sridharan, K., Anderson, M. H. & Allen, T. R. Materials corrosion in molten LiF–NaF–KF salt. J. Fluor. Chem. 130, 67–73 (2009).10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.05.008 ↗
11. Jones, D. A. Principles and Prevention of Corrosion. 2nd edn. (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996).
12. Ai, H. et al. On the possibility of severe corrosion of a Ni-W-Cr alloy in fluoride molten salts at high temperature. Corros. Sci. 149, 218–225 (2019).10.1016/j.corsci.2019.01.012 ↗
13. Dai, Q. et al. Corrosion of Incoloy 800H alloys with nickel cladding in FLiNaK salts at 850 °C. Corros. Sci. 133, 349–357 (2018).10.1016/j.corsci.2018.01.026 ↗
14. Olson, L. C. et al. Impact of Corrosion Test Container Material in Molten Fluorides. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 137, 061007 (2015).10.1115/1.4031682 ↗
15. Ozeryanaya, I. N. Corrosion of metals by molten salts in heat-treatment processes. Met. Sci. Heat. Treat. 27, 184–188 (1985).10.1007/BF00699649 ↗
16. Wang, Y., Sridharan, K. & Couet, A. Method for identification of redox control parameters for corrosion mitigation in molten fluoride salts. J. Nucl. Mater. 543, 152624 (2021).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152624 ↗
17. Baes, C. F. The chemistry and thermodynamics of molten salt reactor fuels. Nucl. Metall. 15, 617–644 (1969).
18. Wang, Y. & Zhang, J. Electrochemical properties of CrF2 in FLiNaK molten salt and the new analytical methods for their determination. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 086503 (2020).10.1149/1945-7111/ab8923 ↗
19. Peng, H. et al. Electrochemical investigation of the stable chromium species in molten FLINAK. RSC Adv. 5, 76689–76695 (2015).10.1039/C5RA09919F ↗
20. Snyder, R. B., Natesan, K. & Kassner, T. F. Analysis of Carbon Transport in the EBR-II and FFTF Primary Sodium Systems. Report No. CONF-760503-12 (Argonne National Lab, 1976).
21. Sannier, J., Paidassi, J., Dixmier, J., Leclercq, D. & Konovaltschikoff, O. Decarburation des aciers ferritiques dans le sodium en circulation entre 475 et 550 °c. J. Nucl. Mater. 55, 169–176 (1975).10.1016/0022-3115(75)90150-6 ↗
22. HSC Chemistry 7 v. 7.00 (Outotec Research Oy, 2009). www.outotec.com/hsc.
23. PanHEA Database v. 2021 (CompuTherm, LLC, 2021). www.computherm.com.
24. PanNickel Database v. 2021 (CompuTherm, LLC, 2021). www.computherm.com.
25. Ai, H. et al. Influence of graphite-alloy interactions on corrosion of Ni-Mo-Cr alloy in molten fluorides. J. Nucl. Mater. 503, 116–123 (2018).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.03.001 ↗
26. Pandat v. 2020 (Computherm, LLC, 2020). www.computherm.com.
27. Koger, J. W. & Litman, A. P. Compatibility of Molybdenum-base Alloy TZM with LiF-BEF2-ThF4-UF4 (68-20-11.7-0.3 mole %) at 1100 °C. Report No. ORNL-TM-2724 (Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1969).
28. Weiss, B. & Stickler, R. Phase instabilities during high temperature exposure of 316 austenitic stainless steel. METALL MATER TRANS B 3, 851–866 (1972).10.1007/BF02647659 ↗
29. Elbakhshwan, M. et al. Corrosion and thermal stability of CrMnFeNi high entropy alloy in molten FLiBe salt. Sci. Rep. 9, 18993 (2019).10.1038/s41598-019-55653-2 ↗
30. Guillermet, A. F. An assessment of the Fe-Mo system. Calphad 6, 127–140 (1982).10.1016/0364-5916(82)90008-6 ↗
31. Poulose, A. C. et al. Multifunctional Cu2−xTe nanocubes mediated combination therapy for multi-drug resistant MDA MB 453. Sci. Rep. 6, 35961 (2016).10.1038/srep35961 ↗
32. Meškinis, Š. et al. Hydrogen-free diamond like carbon films with embedded Cu nanoparticles: structure, composition and reverse saturable absorption effect. Mater. (Basel) 13, 760 (2020).10.3390/ma13030760 ↗
33. Heijlegen, G. P. & Rieck, G. D. Diffusion in the Mo-Ni, Mo-Fe and Mo-Co systems. Acta Met. 22, 1269–1281 (1974).10.1016/0001-6160(74)90140-0 ↗
34. Williams, D., Toth, L. & Clarno, K. Assessment of Candidate Molten Salt Coolants for the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR). Report No. ORNL/TM-2006/12, (Oak Ridge National Lab., 2006).10.2172/885975 ↗
35. Marković, B. et al. Experimental study and thermodynamic remodeling of the Bi–Cu–Ni system. Calphad 34, 294–300 (2010).10.1016/j.calphad.2010.05.004 ↗
36. Weinstein, M. et al. Environmental degradation of electroplated nickel and copper coated SS316H in molten FLiNaK salt. Corros. Sci. 191, 109735 (2021).10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109735 ↗
37. Chen, S. L. et al. The PANDAT software package and its applications. Calphad 26, 175–188 (2002).10.1016/S0364-5916(02)00034-2 ↗
38. Cao, W. et al. PANDAT software with PanEngine, PanOptimizer and PanPrecipitation for multi-component phase diagram calculation and materials property simulation. Calphad 33, 328–342 (2009).10.1016/j.calphad.2008.08.004 ↗
39. Stumpf, S. et al. Development of fuel-model interfaces: Investigations by XPS, TEM, SEM and AFM. J. Nucl. Mater. 385, 208–211 (2009).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.08.061 ↗
40. XPSPEAK 4.1 (2000). www.xpspeak.software.informer.com/4.1/.