Fenton and Fenton-like wet oxidation for degradation and destruction of organic radioactive wastes
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Fenton or Fenton-like oxidation for treatment of organic radioactive wastes is a promising technology with applications to a range of organic wastes. This review details this process; exploring potential challenges, pitfalls and opportunities for industrial usage with radioactive wastes. The application of this process to real radioactive wastes within pilot-plant settings has been documented, with key findings critically assessed in the context of future waste production. Although this oxidation process has not found mainstream success in treatment of radioactive wastes, a lower temperature oxidation system bring certain benefits, specifically for higher volume or problematic organic wastestreams.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced oxidation water treatment · Radioactive element chemistry and processing · Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. International Atomic Energy Agency. Status and trends in spent fuel and radioactive waste management. NW-T-1.14, (IAEA, 2018).
2. Nuclear Decomissioning Authority & Department of Business Energy & Industrial Strategy. 2019 UK radioactive waste inventory. (NDA / BEIS, 2019).
3. Ojovan, M. I., Lee, W. E. & Kalmykov, S. N. An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, 3rd edn. (Elsevier, 2019).10.1016/B978-0-08-102702-8.00022-4 ↗
4. International Atomic Energy Agency. Selection of technical solutions for the management of radioactive waste. IAEA-TECDOC-1817, (IAEA, 2017).
5. Lee, W. E., Ojovan, M. I., Stennett, M. C. & Hyatt, N. C. Immobilisation of radioactive waste in glasses, glass composite materials and ceramics. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 105, 3–12 (2006).10.1179/174367606X81669 ↗
6. Hyatt, N. C. & Ojovan, M. I. Special issue: Materials for nuclear waste immobilization. Materials 12, 3611 (2019).10.3390/ma12213611 ↗
7. Atkins, M. & Glasser, F. P. Application of portland cement-based materials to radioactive waste immobilization. Waste Manag. 12, 105–131 (1992).10.1016/0956-053X(92)90044-J ↗
8. Nuclear Decomissioning Authority. Geological Disposal: Radionuclide behaviour status report. NDA/RWMD/034, (NDA, 2010).
9. International Atomic Energy Agency. Mobile processing systems for radioactive waste management. NW-T-1.8, (IAEA, 2014).
10. Bokare, A. D. & Choi, W. Review of iron-free Fenton-like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes. J. Hazard. Mater. 275, 121–135 (2014).10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.054 ↗
11. Kubota, M. Decomposition of a cation exchange resin with hydrogen peroxide. J. Radioanal. Chem. 78, 295–305 (1983).10.1007/BF02530440 ↗
12. De Araujo, L. G. & Marumo, J. T. Reaction of ion exchange resins with Fenton’s reagent. Environments 5, 123 (2018).10.3390/environments5110123 ↗
13. Twissel, M. A. & Holt, N. S. Wet oxidation of organic radioactive waste. EUR 16776, (EC, 1996).
14. Nuclear Decomissioning Authority. Geological Disposal: Upstream optioneering technical feasibility of mobile plant for higher activity wastes. NDA/RWM/118, (NDA, 2014).
15. Fenton, H. J. H. LXXIII.—Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron. J. Chem. Soc. Trans. 65, 899–910 (1894).10.1039/CT8946500899 ↗
16. Navalon, S., Alvaro, M. & Garcia, H. Heterogeneous Fenton catalysts based on clays, silicas and zeolites. Appl. Catal. B 99, 1–26 (2010).10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.07.006 ↗
17. Pereira, M. C., Oliveira, L. C. A. & Murad, E. Iron oxide catalysts: Fenton and Fenton-like reactions—a review. Clay Min. 47, 285–302 (2012).10.1180/claymin.2012.047.3.01 ↗
18. Lide, D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edn. (CRC Press, 2007).
19. Babuponnusami, A. & Muthukumar, K. A review on Fenton and improvements to the Fenton process for wastewater treatment. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2, 557–572 (2014).10.1016/j.jece.2013.10.011 ↗
20. Munoz, M., de Pedro, Z. M., Casas, J. A. & Rodriguez, J. J. Preparation of magnetite-based catalysts and their application in heterogeneous Fenton oxidation—a review. Appl. Catal. B 176-177, 249–265 (2015).10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.003 ↗
21. Garrido-Ramírez, E. G., Theng, B. K. G. & Mora, M. L. Clays and oxide minerals as catalysts and nanocatalysts in Fenton-like reactions—a review. Appl. Clay Sci. 47, 182–192 (2010).10.1016/j.clay.2009.11.044 ↗
22. Walling, C. Fenton’s reagent revisited. Acc. Chem. Res. 8, 125–131 (1975).10.1021/ar50088a003 ↗
23. Navarro, R. R., Ichikawa, H. & Tatsumi, K. Fenton-based treatment of electroless copper plating waste for organics mineralization and CuO recovery. Green. Chem. 21, 2273–2278 (2019).10.1039/C9GC00641A ↗
24. Walling, C. & Kato, S. Oxidation of alcohols by Fenton’s reagent. Effect of copper ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 4275–4281 (1971).10.1021/ja00746a031 ↗
25. Li, J., Pham, A. N., Dai, R., Wang, Z. & Waite, T. D. Recent advances in Cu-Fenton systems for the treatment of industrial wastewaters: role of Cu complexes and Cu composites. J. Hazard. Mater. 392, 122261 (2020).10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122261 ↗
26. Nichela, D. A., Berkovic, A. M., Costante, M. R., Juliarena, M. P. & García Einschlag, F. S. Nitrobenzene degradation in Fenton-like systems using Cu(II) as catalyst. Comparison between Cu(II)- and Fe(III)-based systems. Chem. Eng. J. 228, 1148–1157 (2013).10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.002 ↗
27. Gallard, H., de Laat, J. & Legube, B. Étude comparative de la vitesse de décomposition de H2O2 et de l’atrazine par les systèmes Fe(III)/H2O2, Cu(II)/H2O2 et Fe(III)/Cu(II)/H2O2. Rev. Sci. Eau 12, 713–728 (1999).
28. Nerud, F., Baldrian, P., Gabriel, J. & Ogbeifun, D. Decolorization of synthetic dyes by the Fenton reagent and the Cu/pyridine/H2O2 system. Chemosphere 44, 957–961 (2001).10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00482-3 ↗
29. Ziembowicz, S., Kida, M. & Koszelnik, P. The use of alternative catalysts in processes of the chemical degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 237, 124450 (2019).10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124450 ↗
30. Zhao, J., Yang, J. & Ma, J. Mn(II)-enhanced oxidation of benzoic acid by Fe(III)/H2O2 system. Chem. Eng. J. 239, 171–177 (2014).10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.014 ↗
31. Falcon, M. et al. Wet oxidation of carboxylic acids with hydrogen peroxide. Wet Peroxide Oxidation (WPO®) process. Optimal ratios and role of Fe:Cu:Mn metals. Environ. Technol. 16, 501–513 (1995).10.1080/09593330.1995.9618251 ↗
32. Chagas, P. M. B. et al. Use of an environmental pollutant from hexavalent chromium removal as a green catalyst in the Fenton process. Sci. Rep. 9, 12819 (2019).10.1038/s41598-019-49196-9 ↗
33. Zhao, J. et al. Organics wastewater degradation by a mesoporous chromium-functionalized γ-Al2O3 with H2O2 assistance. Water Air Soil Pollut. 229, 135 (2018).10.1007/s11270-018-3789-y ↗
34. Zeng, Q., Jia, S., Gong, Y., Wu, S. & Han, X. Catalytic activity of Cr(VI) in the degradation of phenol by H2O2 under acidic conditions. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 25, 567–575 (2019).10.1007/s12209-018-0182-2 ↗
35. Bokare, A. D. & Choi, W. Advanced oxidation process based on the Cr(III)/Cr(VI) redox cycle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 9332–9338 (2011).10.1021/es2021704 ↗
36. Bokare, A. D. & Choi, W. Chromate-induced activation of hydrogen peroxide for oxidative degradation of aqueous organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 7232–7237 (2010).10.1021/es903930h ↗
37. Liotta, L. F., Gruttadauria, M., Di Carlo, G., Perrini, G. & Librando, V. Heterogeneous catalytic degradation of phenolic substrates: catalysts activity. J. Hazard. Mater. 162, 588–606 (2009).10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.115 ↗
38. He, J., Yang, X., Men, B. & Wang, D. Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials: a review. J. Environ. Sci. 39, 97–109 (2016).10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.003 ↗
39. Sashkina, K. A. et al. Fe-silicalites as heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts for radiocobalt removal from EDTA chelates. Appl. Catal. B 185, 353–361 (2016).10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.038 ↗
40. Rahim Pouran, S., Abdul Raman, A. A. & Wan Daud, W. M. A. Review on the application of modified iron oxides as heterogeneous catalysts in Fenton reactions. J. Clean. Prod. 64, 24–35 (2014).10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.013 ↗
41. Fajerwerg, K., Foussard, J. N., Perrard, A. & Debellefontaine, H. Wet oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide: the key role of pH on the catalytic behaviour of Fe-ZSM-5. Water Sci. Technol. 35, 103–110 (1997).10.2166/wst.1997.0096 ↗
42. Centi, G., Perathoner, S., Torre, T. & Verduna, M. G. Catalytic wet oxidation with H2O2 of carboxylic acids on homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts. Catal. Today 55, 61–69 (2000).10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00226-6 ↗
43. Ovejero, G., Sotelo, J. L., Martínez, F., Melero, J. A. & Gordo, L. Wet peroxide oxidation of phenolic solutions over different iron-containing zeolitic materials. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40, 3921–3928 (2001).10.1021/ie000896g ↗
44. Fajerwerg, K. & Debellefontaine, H. Wet oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide using heterogeneous catalysis Fe-ZSM-5: a promising catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 10, L229–L235 (1996).10.1016/S0926-3373(96)00041-0 ↗
45. Issa Hamoud, H., Azambre, B. & Finqueneisel, G. Reactivity of ceria–zirconia catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidative oxidation of azo dyes: reactivity and quantification of surface Ce(IV)-peroxo species. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 91, 2462–2473 (2016).10.1002/jctb.4836 ↗
46. Matavos-Aramyan, S. & Moussavi, M. Advances in Fenton and Fenton based oxidation processes for industrial effluent contaminants control—a review. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2, 555594 (2017).
47. Hermosilla, D., Cortijo, M. & Huang, C. P. The role of iron on the degradation and mineralization of organic compounds using conventional Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Chem. Eng. J. 155, 637–646 (2009).10.1016/j.cej.2009.08.020 ↗
48. Baba, Y., Yatagai, T., Harada, T. & Kawase, Y. Hydroxyl radical generation in the photo-Fenton process: effects of carboxylic acids on iron redox cycling. Chem. Eng. J. 277, 229–241 (2015).10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.103 ↗
49. Kavitha, V. & Palanivelu, K. The role of ferrous ion in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for the degradation of phenol. Chemosphere 55, 1235–1243 (2004).10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.022 ↗
50. Poza-Nogueiras, V., Rosales, E., Pazos, M. & Sanromán, M. Á. Current advances and trends in electro-Fenton process using heterogeneous catalysts—a review. Chemosphere 201, 399–416 (2018).10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.002 ↗
51. Ganiyu, S. O., Zhou, M. & Martínez-Huitle, C. A. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes: a critical review of fundamental principles and application for water/wastewater treatment. Appl. Catal. B 235, 103–129 (2018).10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.044 ↗
52. International Atomic Energy Agency. Application of ion exchange processes for the treatment of radioactive waste and management of spent ion exchangers. TRS-408, (IAEA, 2002).
53. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development—Nuclear Energy Agency. Radiation protection aspects of primary water chemistry and source-term management. NEA/CRPPH/R(2014)2, (OECD—NEA, 2014).
54. Feng, W., Li, J., Jia, S., Wang, Y. & Ye, D. The treatment of IRN77/78 resin using Fenton oxidation process. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 392, 032042 (2018).10.1088/1757-899X/392/3/032042 ↗
55. Jian, X., Wu, T. & Yun, G. A study of wet catalytic oxidation of radioactive spent ion exchange resin by hydrogen peroxide. Nucl. Saf. 37, 149–157 (1996).
56. Geng, Z. & Yun, G. A study on free radical oxidation of spent radioactive ion-exchange resins. in Sino-French seminar on L/ILW management and final disposal, 66–76 (PRC, 1993).
57. Xu, L. et al. Dissolution and degradation of nuclear grade cationic exchange resin by Fenton oxidation combining experimental results and DFT calculations. Chem. Eng. J. 361, 1511–1523 (2019).10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.169 ↗
58. Wan, Z., Xu, L. & Wang, J. Treatment of spent radioactive anionic exchange resins using Fenton-like oxidation process. Chem. Eng. J. 284, 733–740 (2016).10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.004 ↗
59. Morioka, T. et al. Method of treating radioactive ion-exchange resins by oxidative decomposition. USA patent US4877558 (1989).
60. Silva, A. M. N., Kong, X., Parkin, M. C., Cammack, R. & Hider, R. C. Iron(iii) citrate speciation in aqueous solution. Dalton Trans. 38, 8616–8625 (2009).10.1039/b910970f ↗
61. Xu, L., Sui, Z., Yang, J., Wan, Z. & Wang, J. Treatment of spent radioactive cationic exchange resins used in nuclear power plants by Fenton-like oxidation process. Ej. Adv. Maint. 9-2, 145–151 (2017).
62. Srinivas, C., Ramaswamy, M. & Theyyunni, T. K. Wet oxidative destruction of spent ion-exchange resins using hydrogen peroxide. BARC/1994/E/041, (Government of India Atomic Energy Commission, 1994).
63. European Commission. Community’s research and development programme on radioactive waste management and storage shared-cost action (1990–94)—Annual progress report, 1994. EUR 15853, (EC, 1995).
64. Baxter, R. A., Brown, R. G., Hebditch, D. J., McCabe, A. M. & Segal, M. G. Wet oxidation of organic ion-exchange resins with hydrogen peroxide—radwaste process development. in Radioactive waste management 2 (ed British Nuclear Energy Society) 61–65 (Institute of Civil Engineers, 1989).
65. Wu, H. S. & Wu, T. H. Degradation of radioactive ion-exchange resin using H2O2. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 34, 263–274 (2003).
66. Wan, Z., Xu, L. & Wang, J. Disintegration and dissolution of spent radioactive cationic exchange resins using Fenton-like oxidation process. Nucl. Eng. Des. 291, 101–108 (2015).10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.05.009 ↗
67. Zahorodna, M., Bogoczek, R., Oliveros, E. & Braun, A. M. Application of the Fenton process to the dissolution and mineralization of ion exchange resins. Catal. Today 129, 200–206 (2007).10.1016/j.cattod.2007.08.014 ↗
68. Zahorodna, M., Oliveros, E., Wörner, M., Bogoczek, R. & Braun, A. M. Dissolution and mineralization of ion exchange resins: differentiation between heterogeneous and homogeneous (photo-)Fenton processes. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 7, 1480–1492 (2008).10.1039/b813866b ↗
69. Feng, W., Wang, Y., Li, J., Gao, K. & An, H. Decomposition of spent radioactive ion-exchange resin using photo-Fenton process. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 95, 2522–2529 (2020).10.1002/jctb.6437 ↗
70. Kavitha, V. & Palanivelu, K. Degradation of nitrophenols by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 170, 83–95 (2005).10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.08.003 ↗
71. Zazo, J. A., Pliego, G., Blasco, S., Casas, J. A. & Rodriguez, J. J. Intensification of the Fenton process by increasing the temperature. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 866–870 (2011).10.1021/ie101963k ↗
72. Debellefontaine, H., Chakchouk, M., Foussard, J. N., Tissot, D. & Striolo, P. Treatment of organic aqueous wastes: Wet air oxidation and wet peroxide oxidation®. Environ. Pollut. 92, 155–164 (1996).10.1016/0269-7491(95)00100-X ↗
73. Gunale, T. L., Mahajani, V. V., Wattal, P. K. & Srinivas, C. Studies in liquid phase mineralization of cation exchange resin by a hybrid process of Fenton dissolution followed by wet oxidation. Chem. Eng. J. 148, 371–377 (2009).10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.018 ↗
74. Shende, R. V. & Mahajani, V. V. Kinetics of wet oxidation of formic acid and acetic acid. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 4809–4814 (1997).10.1021/ie970048u ↗
75. Petersson, S. & Hedin, G. The WOX process—new volume reduction technology. in WM Conference ‘87. (Tucson, AZ, 1987).
76. Luce, A. & Troiani, F. Treatment of radioactive solvent waste by catalytic oxidation. EUR 16196, (EC, 1995).
77. Kumar, S. & Kameswara Rao, C. V. S. Effect of sulfates on the setting time of cement and strength of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 24, 1237–1244 (1994).10.1016/0008-8846(94)90108-2 ↗
78. Lawrence, C. D. in Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (ed. P. C. Hewlett) Ch. 8, (Butterworth Heinemann, 2003).
79. Odler, I. in Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (ed P. C. Hewlett) Ch. 6, 241–297 (Butterworth Heinemann, 2003).
80. Gartner, E., Young, J., Damidot, D. & Jawed, I. in Structure and Performance of Cements (eds. J. Bensted & P. Barnes) 57–113 (Spon Press, 2002).
81. Odler, I. & Gasser, M. Mechanism of sulfate expansion in hydrated Portland cement. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 71, 1015–1020 (1988).10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb07573.x ↗
82. Sun, H., Qian, J., Yang, Y., Fan, C. & Yue, Y. Optimization of gypsum and slag contents in blended cement containing slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 112, 103674 (2020).10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103674 ↗
83. Midgley, H. G. & Pettifer, K. The micro structure of hydrated super sulphated cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 1, 101–104 (1971).10.1016/0008-8846(71)90086-X ↗
84. Gruskovnjak, A. et al. Hydration mechanisms of super sulphated slag cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 38, 983–992 (2008).10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.004 ↗
85. Odler, I. & Dörr, H. Early hydration of tricalcium silicate II. The induction period. Cem. Concr. Res. 9, 277–284 (1979).10.1016/0008-8846(79)90119-4 ↗
86. Smillie, S. & Glasser, F. P. Reaction of EDTA, oxalic acid and citric acid with Portland cement. Adv. Cem. Res. 11, 97–101 (1999).10.1680/adcr.1999.11.2.97 ↗
87. Singh, N. K., Mishra, P. C., Singh, V. K. & Narang, K. K. Effects of hydroxyethyl cellulose and oxalic acid on the properties of cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 1319–1329 (2003).10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00060-7 ↗
88. Hewlett, P. C. Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 4th edn., (Elsevier, 1998).
89. Dransfield, J. in Advanced Concrete Technology: Consistuent Materials (eds. J. Newman & B. Choo) Ch. 4, 168–195 (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003).
90. Pignatello, J. J., Oliveros, E. & MacKay, A. Advanced oxidation processes for organic contaminant destruction based on the Fenton reaction and related chemistry. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1–84 (2006).10.1080/10643380500326564 ↗
91. Pliego, G., Garcia-Muñoz, P., Zazo, J. A., Casas, J. A. & Rodriguez, J. J. Improving the Fenton process by visible LED irradiation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 23449–23455 (2016).10.1007/s11356-016-7543-y ↗
92. Huang, Y.-H., Huang, Y.-J., Tsai, H.-C. & Chen, H.-T. Degradation of phenol using low concentration of ferric ions by the photo-Fenton process. J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng. 41, 699–704 (2010).10.1016/j.jtice.2010.01.012 ↗
93. McGinnis, B. D., Adams, V. D. & Middlebrooks, E. J. Degradation of ethylene glycol in photo Fenton systems. Water Res. 34, 2346–2354 (2000).10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00387-5 ↗
94. Munoz, M., Pliego, G., de Pedro, Z. M., Casas, J. A. & Rodriguez, J. J. Application of intensified Fenton oxidation to the treatment of sawmill wastewater. Chemosphere 109, 34–41 (2014).10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.062 ↗
95. Liu, H., Chen, Q., Yu, Y., Liu, Z. & Xue, G. Influence of Fenton’s reagent doses on the degradation and mineralization of H-acid. J. Hazard. Mater. 263, 593–599 (2013).10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.021 ↗
96. Feng, W., Li, J., An, H. & Wang, Y. Degradation of spent radioactive ion exchange resins and its mechanisms by Fenton process. J. Renew. Mater. 8, 1283–1293 (2020).10.32604/jrm.2020.011000 ↗
97. Quici, N. et al. Oxalic acid destruction at high concentrations by combined heterogeneous photocatalysis and photo-Fenton processes. Catal. Today 101, 253–260 (2005).10.1016/j.cattod.2005.03.002 ↗
98. Garcia-Segura, S., Brillas, E., Cornejo-Ponce, L. & Salazar, R. Effect of the Fe3+/Cu2+ ratio on the removal of the recalcitrant oxalic and oxamic acids by electro-Fenton and solar photoelectro-Fenton. Sol. Energy 124, 242–253 (2016).10.1016/j.solener.2015.11.033 ↗
99. Zhang, G. et al. Effects of organic acids and initial solution pH on photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in a photo-Fenton-like process using goethite (α-FeOOH). Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 15, 1046–1053 (2016).10.1039/c6pp00051g ↗
100. Ahile, U. J., Wuana, R. A., Itodo, A. U., Sha’Ato, R. & Dantas, R. F. A review on the use of chelating agents as an alternative to promote photo-Fenton at neutral pH: Current trends, knowledge gap and future studies. Sci. Total. Environ. 710, 134872 (2020).10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134872 ↗