Development of a numerical model for simulating stress corrosion cracking in spent nuclear fuel canisters
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Prediction and detection of the chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) in Type 304 stainless steel spent nuclear fuel canisters are vital for the lifetime extension of dry storage canisters. This paper conducts a critical review that focuses on the numerical modeling and simulation on the research progress of the CISCC. The numerical models emphasizing the residual stress, susceptible microstructure, and corrosive environment are summarized individually. Meanwhile, the simulation studies on the role of hydrogen-assisted cracking are reviewed. Finally, a multi-physical numerical model, which combines the different fields is proposed based on our recent investigation.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals · Material Properties and Failure Mechanisms · Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. USNWTRB. Evaluation of the Technical Basis for Extended Dry Storage and Transportation of Used Nuclear Fuel (United States Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, 2010).
2. USNRC. Identification and Prioritization of the Technical Information Needs Affecting Potential Regulation of Extended Storage and Transportation of Spent Nuclear Fuel (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2014).
3. Hanson, B. et al. Gap Analysis to Support Extended Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel Rev. 0. (U. S. Department of Energy, FCRD-USED-2011-000136, 2012).
4. Yeom, H. et al. Cold spray deposition of 304L stainless steel to mitigate chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking in canisters for used nuclear fuel storage. J. Nucl. Mater. 538, 152254 (2020).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152254 ↗
5. USNWTRB. Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking Potential in Dry-Storage Canister For Spent Nuclear Fuel (U. S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, 2017).
6. Enos, D. G., Bryan, C. R. & Norman, K. M. Fuel Cycle Technologies Annual Review Meeting. November 5–7, 2013 (U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Used Nuclear Fuel Disposition, 2013).
7. Bryan, C. R. & Enos, D. Results of Stainless Steel Canister Corrosion Studies and Environmental Sample Investigations. SAND2014-20347 O (Sandia National Laboratories, 2014).10.2172/1167520 ↗
8. Bryan, C. R. & Enos, D. G. Analysis of Dust Samples Collected from an Unused Spent Nuclear Fuel Interim Storage Container at Hope Creek, Delaware. SAND2015-1746 (Sandia National Laboratories, 2015).10.2172/1177841 ↗
9. Kain, R. Marine atmospheric stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels. Mater. Perform. 29, 60 (1990).
10. Oberson, G. et al. US NRC-sponsored research on stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of dry storage canister materials in marine environments-13344. WM2013 Conference (Phoenix, 2013).
11. Dong, P., Scatigno, G. G. & Wenman, M. R. Effect of salt composition and microstructure on stress corrosion cracking of 316L austenitic stainless steel for dry storage canisters. J. Nucl. Mater. 545, 152572 (2021).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152572 ↗
12. Enos, D. G. & Bryan, C. R. Final Report: Characterization of Canister Mockup Weld Residual Stresses. FCRD-UFD-2016-000064, SAND2016-12375 R (Sandia National Laboratories, 2016).10.2172/1335756 ↗
13. Wu, X. On residual stress analysis and microstructural evolution for stainless steel type 304 spent nuclear fuel canisters weld joint: Numerical and experimental studies. J. Nucl. Mater. 534, 152131 (2020).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152131 ↗
14. Saegusa, T. et al. Review and future issues on spent nuclear fuel storage. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 42, 237–248 (2010).10.5516/NET.2010.42.3.237 ↗
15. Wataru, M., Takeda, H., Shirai, K. & Saegusa, T. Thermal hydraulic analysis compared with tests of full-scale concrete casks. Nucl. Eng. Des. 238, 1213–1219 (2008).10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.03.036 ↗
16. Bryan, C. R. & Enos, D. G. Analysis of Dust Samples Collected from Spent Nuclear Fuel Interim Storage Containers at Hope Creek, Delaware, and Diablo Canyon, California. SAND2014-16383 (Sandia National Laboratories, 2014).10.2172/1174230 ↗
17. He, X., Mintz, T. S., Pabalan, R., Miller, L. & Oberson, G. Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility for Austenitic Stainless Steels Exposed to Atmospheric Chloride and Non-Chloride Salts, NUREG/CR-7170 (USNRC, 2014).
18. Bechtel SAIC Company, LLC. Analysis of Dust Deliquescence for FEP Screening, DE-AC28-01RW12101 (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005).
19. Enos, D. G. & Bryan, C. R. Understanding the Surface Environment and Its Impact on the Extended Performance of Interim Storage Containers for Spent Nuclear Fuel. SAND2015-2078C (Sandia National Laboratories, 2015).
20. Enos, D. G. & Bryan, C. R. Understanding the Risk of Chloride Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking of Interim Storage Containers for the Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: Evolution of Brine Chemistry on the Container Surface, SAND2015-8666C (Sandia National Laboratories, 2015).
21. Bryan, C. R. & Schindelholz, E. J. Analysis of Samples Collected from the Surface of Interim Storage Canisters at Calvert Cliffs in June, 2017: Revision 01, SAND2017-12429xx (Sandia National Laboratories, 2017).10.2172/1409285 ↗
22. Truman, J. E. The influence of chloride content, pH and temperature of test solution on the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking with austenitic stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 17, 737–746 (1977).10.1016/0010-938X(77)90069-5 ↗
23. Tani, J., Mayuzumi, M. & Hara, N. Stress corrosion cracking of stainless-steel canister for concrete cask storage of spent fuel. J. Nucl. Mater. 379, 42–47 (2008).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.06.005 ↗
24. Lu, B. T., Chen, Z. K., Luo, J. L., Patchett, B. M. & Xu, Z. H. Pitting and stress corrosion cracking behavior in welded austenitic stainless steel. Electrochim. Acta 50, 1391–1403 (2005).10.1016/j.electacta.2004.08.036 ↗
25. Baker, H. R., Bloom, M. C., Bolster, R. N. & Singleterry, C. R. Film and pH effects in the stress corrosion cracking of type 304 stainless steel. Corrosion 26, 420–426 (1970).10.5006/0010-9312-26.10.420 ↗
26. Mayuzumi, M., Arai, T. & Hide, K. Chloride induced stress corrosion cracking of type 304 and 304L stainless steels in air. Zairyo-to-Kankyo 52, 166–170 (2003).10.3323/jcorr1991.52.166 ↗
27. Kosaki, A. Evaluation method of corrosion lifetime of conventional stainless steel canister under oceanic air environment. Nucl. Eng. Des. 238, 1233–1240 (2008).10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.03.040 ↗
28. Taraphdar, P. K., Pandey, C. & Mahapatra, M. M. Finite element investigation of IGSCC-prone zone in AISI 304L multipass groove welds. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 20, 438 (2020).10.1007/s43452-020-00056-8 ↗
29. King, F. et al. The Atmospheric Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Stores (ACSIS) Model. 17391-TR-010 (Radioactive Waste Management Limited, 2016).
30. Xie, Y. & Zhang, J. Chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking of used nuclear fuel welded stainless steel canisters: a review. J. Nucl. Mater. 466, 85–93 (2015).10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.07.043 ↗
31. Kusnick, J., Benson, M. & Lyons, S. Finite Element Analysis of Weld Residual Stresses in Austenitic Stainless Steel Dry Cask Storage System Canisters, Technical Letter Report (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2013).
32. Cerit, M., Genel, K. & Eksi, S. Numerical investigation on stress concentration of corrosion pit. Eng. Fail. Anal. 16, 2467–2472 (2009).10.1016/j.engfailanal.2009.04.004 ↗
33. Hou, J. & Song, L. Numerical investigation on stress concentration of tension steel bars with one or two corrosion pits. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015, 1–7 (2015).
34. Kolios, A., Srikanth, S. & Salonitis, K. Numerical simulation of material strength deterioration due to pitting corrosion. Procedia CIRP 13, 230–236 (2014).10.1016/j.procir.2014.04.040 ↗
35. Horner, D. A., Connolly, B., Zhou, J. S., Crocker, L. & Turnbull, A. Novel images of the evolution of stress corrosion cracks from corrosion pits. Corros. Sci. 53, 3466–3485 (2011).10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.050 ↗
36. Turnbull, A., Wright, L. & Crocker, L. New insight into the pit-to-crack transition from finite element analysis of the stress and strain distribution around a corrosion pit. Corros. Sci. 52, 1492–1498 (2010).10.1016/j.corsci.2009.12.004 ↗
37. Connolly, B. et al. X-ray microtomography studies of localized corrosion and transitions to stress corrosion cracking. Mater. Sci. Technol. 22, 1076–1085 (2006).10.1179/174328406X114199 ↗
38. Zhu, L., Yan, Y., Qiao, L. & Volinsky, A. Stainless steel pitting and early-stage stress corrosion cracking under ultra-low elastic load. Corros. Sci. 77, 360–368 (2013).10.1016/j.corsci.2013.08.028 ↗
39. Turnbull, A. Corrosion pitting and environmentally assisted small crack growth. Proc. R. Soc. A 470, 20140254 (2014).10.1098/rspa.2014.0254 ↗
40. Chen, Z., Jafarzadeh, S., Zhao, J. & Bobaru, F. A coupled mechano-chemical peridynamic model for pit-to-crack transition in stress-corrosion cracking. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 146, 104203 (2021).10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104203 ↗
41. Xiang, L., Pan, J. & Chen, S. Analysis on the stress corrosion crack inception based on pit shape and size of the FV520B tensile specimen. Results Phys. 9, 463–470 (2018).10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.005 ↗
42. Kondo, Y. Prediction of fatigue crack initiation life based on pit growth. Corrosion 45, 7–11 (1989).10.5006/1.3577891 ↗
43. Stenta, A. et al. One-dimensional approach to modeling damage evolution in galvanic corrosion. Corros. Sci. 88, 36–48 (2014).10.1016/j.corsci.2014.07.012 ↗
44. Newman, J. & Thomas-Alyea, K. E. Electrochemical Systems, 3rd edn. (Wiley-Interscience, 2004).
45. Verbrugge, M. Galvanic corrosion over a semi-infinite, planar surface. Corros. Sci. 48, 3489–3512 (2006).10.1016/j.corsci.2006.02.004 ↗
46. Pistorius, P. C. & Burstein, G. T. Metastable pitting corrosion of stainless steel and the transition to stability. Philos. Trans.: Phys. Sci. Eng. 341, 531–559 (1992).
47. Bland, L. G. & Locke, J. S. Chemical and electrochemical conditions within stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracks. NPJ Mater. Degrad. 1, 12 (2017).10.1038/s41529-017-0015-0 ↗
48. Mackey, E. D., Seacord, T. F. & Lamb, S. Guidelines for the Use of Stainless Steel in the Water and Desalination Industries (Water Research Foundation, 2015).
49. Dao, L. T. N., Dao, V. T. N., Kim, S.-H. & Ann, K. Y. Modeling steel corrosion in concrete structures-part 1: a new inverse relation between current density and potential for the cathodic reaction. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 5, 302–313 (2010).10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15286-2 ↗
50. Dao, L. T. N., Dao, V. T. N., Kim, S.-H. & Ann, K. Y. Modeling steel corrosion in concrete structures-part 2: a unified adaptive finite element model for simulation of steel corrosion. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 5, 314–326 (2010).10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15287-4 ↗
51. Liu, C. & Kelly, R. G. The use of finite element methods (FEM) in the modeling of localized corrosion. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 23, 47–51 (2014).10.1149/2.F02144IF ↗
52. Lu, Y., Jing, H., Han, Y. & Xu, L. Numerical modeling of weld joint corrosion. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25, 960–965 (2016).10.1007/s11665-016-1910-1 ↗
53. Duddu, R., Kota, N. & Qidwai, S. M. An Extended finite element method based approach for modeling crevice and pitting corrosion. J. Appl. Mech. 83, 081003 (2016).10.1115/1.4033379 ↗
54. Jafarzadeh, S., Chen, Z. & Bobaru, F. Computational modeling of pitting corrosion. Corros. Rev. 37, 419–439 (2019).10.1515/corrrev-2019-0049 ↗
55. Mai, W., Soghrati, S. & Buchheit, R. G. A Phase field model for simulating the pitting corrosion. Corros. Sci. 110, 157–166 (2016).10.1016/j.corsci.2016.04.001 ↗
56. Taylor, C. D. Modeling corrosion, atom by atom. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 23, 59 (2014).10.1149/2.F04144IF ↗
57. Caprio, D. D., Stafiej, J., Luciano, G. & Arurault, L. 3D cellular automata simulations of intra and intergranular corrosion. Corros. Sci. 112, 438–450 (2016).10.1016/j.corsci.2016.07.028 ↗
58. Gutman, E. M. Mechanochemistry of Materials (Cambridge Interscience Publishing, 1998).
59. Gutman, E. M. Mechanochemistry and Corrosion Prevention of Metals, in Chinese. (Science Publication, 1989).
60. Wang, H. & Han, E.-H. Simulation of metastable corrosion pit development under mechanical stress. Electrochimi. Acta 90, 128–134 (2013).10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.056 ↗
61. Wang, H. & Han, E.-H. Computational simulation of corrosion pit interactions under mechanochemical effects using a cellular automaton/finite element model. Corros. Sci. 103, 305–311 (2016).10.1016/j.corsci.2015.11.034 ↗
62. Xu, L. Y. & Cheng, Y. F. Development of a finite element model for simulation and prediction of mechanoelectrochemical effect of pipeline corrosion. Corros. Sci. 73, 150–160 (2013).10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.004 ↗
63. Xu, L. Assessment of Corrosion Defects on High-strength Steel Pipelines. Doctor thesis. (University of Calgary, 2013).
64. Wang, Y., Wharton, J. A. & Shenoi, R. A. Mechano-electrochemical modelling of corroded steel structures. Eng. Struct. 128, 1–14 (2016).10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.015 ↗
65. Ralston, K. D. & Birbilis, N. Effect of grain size on corrosion: a review. Corrosion 66, 075005 (2010).10.5006/1.3462912 ↗
66. Schino, A. D. & Kenny, J. M. Effect of grain size on the corrosion resistance of a high nitrogen-low nickel austenitic stainless steel. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21, 1969–1971 (2002).10.1023/A:1021625117639 ↗
67. Meng, Q., Frankel, G. S., Colijn, H. O. & Goss, S. H. Stainless-steel corrosion and MnS inclusions. Nature 424, 389–390 (2003).10.1038/424389b ↗
68. Cvijovic, Z. & Radenkovic, G. Microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance of annealed duplex stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 48, 3887–3906 (2006).10.1016/j.corsci.2006.04.003 ↗
69. Guo, J., Yang, S., Shang, C., Wang, Y. & He, X. Influence of carbon content and microstructure on corrosion behaviour of low alloy steels in a Cl-containing environment. Corros. Sci. 51, 242–251 (2009).10.1016/j.corsci.2008.10.025 ↗
70. Shahryari, A., Szpunar, J. A. & Omanovic, S. The influence of crystallographic orientation distribution on 316LVM stainless steel pitting behavior. Corros. Sci. 51, 677–682 (2009).10.1016/j.corsci.2008.12.019 ↗
71. Qidwai, S. M., DeGiorgi, V. G. & Leung, A. C. A review of microstructural effects on pitting corrosion in stainless steels. Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (Washington, 2011).10.1115/DETC2011-47571 ↗
72. Aghuy, A. A., Zakeri, M., Moayed, M. H. & Mazinani, M. Effect of grain size on pitting corrosion of 304L austenitic stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 94, 368–376 (2015).10.1016/j.corsci.2015.02.024 ↗
73. Koroleva, E. V., Thompson, G. E., Skeldon, P. & Noble, B. Crystallographic dissolution of high purity aluminium. Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 463, 1729–1748 (2007).10.1098/rspa.2007.1846 ↗
74. Sato, A., Kon, K., Tsujikawa, S. & Hisamatsu, Y. Effect of crystallographic orientation on dissolution behavior of stainless steels single crystal. Mater. Trans. JIM 37, 729–732 (1996).10.2320/matertrans1989.37.729 ↗
75. Kota, N., Qidwai, S. & DeGiorgi, V. G. Microstructure-influenced Numerical Modeling of Pitting Corrosion in 316 Stainless Steel. PRiME 2012 (The Electrochemical Society, 2012).10.1149/MA2012-02/22/2205 ↗
76. Kota, N., Qidwai, S. & DeGiorgi, V. G. Influence of the Microstructure on Stress Concentration Due to Localized Corrosion. 224th ECS Meeting (San Francisco, 2013).10.1149/MA2013-02/20/1783 ↗
77. Kota, N., Qidwai, S. M., Lewis, A. C. & DeGiorgi, V. G. Microstructure-based numerical modeling of pitting corrosion in 316 stainless steel. ECS Trans. 50, 155–164 (2013).10.1149/05031.0155ecst ↗
78. Qidwai, S., Kota, N. & DeGiorgi, V. G. Modeling of the Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on Pit Growth and Shape. 224th ECS Meeting (San Francisco, 2013).10.1149/MA2013-02/20/1782 ↗
79. Brewick, P. T. et al. Microstructure-sensitive modeling of pitting corrosion: effect of the crystallographic orientation. Corros. Sci. 129, 54–69 (2017).10.1016/j.corsci.2017.09.009 ↗
80. Jivkov, A. P., Stevens, N. P. C. & Marrow, T. J. Modelling intergranular stress corrosion cracking in simulated three-dimensional microstructures. Key Eng. Mater. 345-346, 1019–1022 (2007).10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.345-346.1019 ↗
81. Arafin, M. A. & Szpunar, J. A. A Microtexture-microstructure model to simulate intergranular stress corrosion crack propagation in pipeline steel. 8th International Pipeline Conference IPC2010 (Calgary, 2010).10.1115/IPC2010-31681 ↗
82. Chen, Z. & Bobaru, F. Peridynamic modeling of pitting corrosion damage. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 78, 352–381 (2015).10.1016/j.jmps.2015.02.015 ↗
83. Mai, W., Soghrati, S. & Buchheit, R. G. A phase field model for simulating the pitting corrosion. Corros. Sci. 110, 157–166 (2016).10.1016/j.corsci.2016.04.001 ↗
84. Yu, Q. & Pan, T. Microstructural modeling of pitting corrosion in steels using an arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian method. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48, 2618–2632 (2017).10.1007/s11661-017-4018-9 ↗
85. Liberto, S. D. & Gabetta, G. Stress corrosion cracking by anodic dissolution and hydrogen permeation in pipeline steels. Mater. Sci. 33, 411–420 (1997).10.1007/BF02537540 ↗
86. Hoffmeister, H. & Böllinghaus, T. Modeling of combined anodic dissolution/hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking of low-alloyed power plant steels in high-temperature water environments. Corrosion 70, 563–578 (2014).10.5006/1048 ↗
87. Lu, B. & Luo, J. Hydrogen-Enhanced Stress Corrosion Cracking in Stainless Steel. Corrosion 2017 (New Orleans, 2017).
88. Lee, D., Huang, Y. & Achenbach, J. D. A comprehensive analysis of the growth rate of stress corrosion cracks. Proc. R. Soc. A 471, 20140703 (2015).10.1098/rspa.2014.0703 ↗
89. Traidia, A., Alfano, M., Lubineau, G., Duval, S. & Sherik, A. An effective finite element model for the prediction of hydrogen induced cracking in steel pipelines. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 37, 16214–16230 (2012).10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.046 ↗
90. Michler, T., Lee, Y., Gangloff, R. P. & Naumann, J. Influence of macro segregation on hydrogen environment embrittlement of sus 316L stainless steel. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34, 3201–3209 (2009).10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.015 ↗
91. Barthélémy, H. Effects of pressure and purity on the hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 36, 2750–2758 (2011).10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.029 ↗
92. Quan, G. F. Experimental Study of Hydrogen Diffusion Behaviors in Stress Fields. Corrosion 53, 99–102 (1997).10.5006/1.3280456 ↗
93. Chu, W.-Y., Qiao, L. J., Chen, Q. Z. & Gao, K. W. Fracture and Environmental Fracture (Science Press, 2000).
94. Alvaro, A., Olden, V. & Akselsen, O. M. 3D cohesive modelling of hydrogen embrittlement in the heat affected zone of an X70 pipeline steel. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38, 7539–7549 (2013).10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.146 ↗
95. Serebrinsky, S., Carter, E. A. & Qrtiz, M. A quantum-mechanically informed continuum model of hydrogen embrittlement. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 52, 2403–2430 (2004).10.1016/j.jmps.2004.02.010 ↗
96. Wang, C., Zhang, C., Yang, Z., Su, J. & Weng, Y. Multi-scale simulation of hydrogen influenced critical stress intensity in high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel. Mater. Des. 87, 501–506 (2015).10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.040 ↗
97. Katz, Y., Tymiak, N. & Gerberich, W. Nanomechanical probes as new approaches to hydrogen/deformation interaction studies. Eng. Fract. Mech. 68, 619–646 (2001).10.1016/S0013-7944(00)00119-3 ↗
98. Raykar, N. R., Maiti, S. K. & Raman, R. K. S. Modelling of mode-I stable crack growth under hydrogen assisted stress corrosion cracking. Eng. Fract. Mech. 78, 3153–3165 (2011).10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.07.013 ↗
99. Qiao, L., Mao, X. & Chu, W. The role of hydrogen in stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel in hot MgCl2 solution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 26A, 1777–1784 (1995).10.1007/BF02670765 ↗
100. Qiao, L. & Mao, X. Thermodynamics analysis on the role of hydrogen in anodic stress corrosion cracking. Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 4001–4006 (1995).10.1016/0956-7151(95)00090-I ↗