Determination of interfacial heat transfer coefficient between bronze and loess-based molds in Bronze Age China
Source abstract
Abstract
In early Chinese civilization loess-based clay mold technology was instrumental to both the mass production of ritual bronzes and the development of metallurgical traditions. A comprehensive understanding of ancient Chinese bronze casting technology requires quantitative investigations into the functional performance of clay molds. Building on measurements of the thermophysical parameters of clay molds unearthed at a Western Zhou-period bronze foundry, this study establishes a one-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model. By combining this model with experiments to monitor the temperature of flat-plate molds, and Beck’s nonlinear estimation with supporting data validation, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient between bronze alloy and clay molds during the casting process is derived for the first time. This study provides accurate parameters for conducting numerical simulations on bronze casting processes and functionality by focusing on the quantitative analysis of casting performance, and establishes a methodological framework to address pivotal archaeometallurgical questions for future studies.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Materials Engineering and Processing · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production · Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. Gettens, R. J. The Freer Chinese Bronzes, Vol. II. 110 (Smithsonian Institute, 1969).
2. Li, Y., Shi, W., Aydin, A., Beroya-Eitner, M. A. & Gao, G. Loess genesis and worldwide distribution. Earth Sci. Rev. 201, 102947 (2020).10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102947 ↗
3. Yang, H. A brief history of lost-wax casting studies in China’s Bronze Age. Chin. J. Hist. Sci. Technol. 42, 136–149 (2021). (In Chinese).
4. Lian, H. P. Analytical study on Warring States period clay molds from Yanxiadu, Yixian County, Hebei Province. Sci. Conserv. Archaeol. 4, 25–31 (1992). (In Chinese).
5. Lian, H. P., Ding, Z. M. & Zhou, X. Analysis of clay molds for metal-mold casting of coins in the Han Dynasty. Sci. Conserv. Archaeol. 24, 87–97 (2012). (In Chinese).
6. Tan, D. R., Xu, H. K. & Huang, L. Research on clay mold casting technology in China’s Bronze Age. Acta Archaeol. Sin. 2, 211–250 (1999). (In Chinese).
7. Liu, Y., Song, J. N. & Liu, X. Y. Analytical testing of bronze casting remains unearthed from Zhouyuan. Archaeol. Cultural Relics. 4, 94–100 (2007). (In Chinese).
8. Tian, J. H. Preliminary study on several clay molds unearthed in Henan Province. In Proc. 5th Annual Conference of China Association for Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics. Nanjing Museum, 296–301 (2007). (In Chinese).
9. Zhao, G. Y. & Guo, J. F. Composition and structure of clay mold materials for Yinxu bronze vessels. J. Anyang Inst. Technol. 6, 34–38 (2009). (In Chinese).
10. Zhao, G. Y. et al. Effect of composition on the properties of Shang-Zhou bronze vessel clay molds. J. Anyang Inst. Technol. 9, 23–26 (2010). (In Chinese).
11. Dantzig, J. A. & Rappaz, M. Solidification, 6 (Science Press, 2015). (In Chinese)
12. Guthrie, R. et al. Measurements, simulations, and analyses of instantaneous heat fluxes from solidifying steels to the surfaces of twin roll casters and of aluminum to plasma-coated metal substrates. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 31, 1031–1047 (2000).10.1007/s11663-000-0079-y ↗
13. Griffiths, W. A model of the interfacial heat-transfer coefficient during unidirectional solidification of an aluminum alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 31, 285–295 (2000).10.1007/s11663-000-0047-6 ↗
14. Lewis, R. W., Ransing, R. S. & B, M. T. A correlation to describe interfacial heat transfer during solidification simulation and its use in the optimal feeding design of castings. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 29, 437–448 (1998).10.1007/s11663-998-0122-y ↗
15. Guo, Z. P., Xiong, S. M., Cao, S. X. & Cui, Z. J. Establishment of inverse heat conduction model and its application in solving interfacial heat flux. Acta Metall. Sin. 6, 607–611 (2007). (In Chinese).
16. Shao, H. et al. Measurement of interfacial heat transfer coefficient in aluminum alloy investment precision casting. Foundry Zhuzao 63, 1010–1013+1018 (2014). (In Chinese).
17. Tao, W. Q. Heat Transfer, 5th edn., 37 (Higher Education Press, 2019). (In Chinese)
18. Huang, C. H., Yuan, I. C. & Ay, H. A three-dimensional inverse problem in imaging the local heat transfer coefficients for plate finned-tube, heat exchangers. Int. J. Heat. Mass Transf. 46, 3629–3638 (2003).10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00157-1 ↗
19. Bazhenov, V. et al. Investigation of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient at the metal–mold interface during casting of an A356 aluminum alloy and AZ81 magnesium alloy into steel and graphite molds. Int. J. Metalcasting 15, 625–637 (2021).10.1007/s40962-020-00495-2 ↗
20. Sun, Z., Hu, H. & Niu, X. Determination of heat transfer coefficients by extrapolation and numerical inverse methods in squeeze casting of magnesium alloy AM60. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 1432–1440 (2011).10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.03.014 ↗
21. Chen, L., Wang, Y., Peng, L., Fu, P. & Jiang, H. Study on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient between AZ91D magnesium alloy and silica sand. Exp. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 54, 196–203 (2014).10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.12.010 ↗
22. Elkins, B. S. Challenges for the Accurate Determination of the Surface Thermal Condition via In-Depth Sensor Data. PhD thesis (University of Tennessee, 2011).
23. Huang, Q., Yue, L., Li, X. & Wang, P. A correlation to calculate time constant of thermocouples. Appl. Therm. Eng. 246, 122920 (2024).10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122920 ↗
24. Jaremkiewicz, M., Taler, D. & Sobota, T. Measuring transient temperature of the medium in power engineering machines and installations. Appl. Therm. Eng. 29, 3374–3379 (2009).10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.05.013 ↗
25. Hua, J. M. Ancient Chinese Metal Technology: A Civilization Forged by Copper and Iron, 120–127 (Elephant Press, 1999). (In Chinese)
26. Zhao, K. M., Ren, D. X., Wang, B. & Chang, Y. Investigation of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient of sheet aluminum alloy 5083 in warm stamping process. Int. J. Heat. Mass Transf. 132, 293–300 (2019).10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.158 ↗
27. Zhang, W. et al. Inverse calculation of interfacial heat transfer coefficient during solidification of circular cast steel castings by no-bake furanresin bounded sand casting. Int. J. Metalcasting 17, 2128–2137 (2023).10.1007/s40962-022-00874-x ↗
28. Beck, J. V. Inverse Heat Conduction: Ill-Posed Problems, 145 (Wiley-Interscience, 1985).
29. Oliveira, A. V. S., Avrit, A. & Gradeck, M. Thermocouple response time estimation and temperature signal correction for an accurate heat flux calculation in inverse heat conduction problems. J. Heat. Mass Transf. 185, 122398 (2022).10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122398 ↗
30. Pola, A., Mödlinger, M., Piccardo, P. & Montesano, L. Casting simulation of an Austrian Bronze Age sword hilt. Jom 67, 1637–1645 (2015).10.1007/s11837-015-1464-y ↗
31. Chang, K. C. Zhongguo Qingtong Shidai [The Bronze Age of China]. (Sanlian Bookstore, 2013). (In Chinese)