Ethylene oxide fumigation for the integrated preservation of mass paper-based materials: deacidification and biodeterioration control

Paper-based materials face increasing global threats from acidification, mould growth, and insect infestation. Herein, an integrated preservation strategy based on an ethylene oxide (EO) vapor-phase system is proposed to simultaneously address these challenges. The system achieves complete inactivation of A. flavus spores within 24 h and induces 100% mortality in adult, larval, and egg stages of Lasioderma serricorne ( L. serricorne ) within 4, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Additionally, it effectively raises the pH of diverse paper types to near-neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Notably, the treatment preserves the morphological integrity, ink stability, fiber microstructure, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the paper, while enhancing hydrophobicity to suppress hydrolytic degradation. Accelerated aging further confirms improved retention of cellulose polymerization degree and mechanical stability. Owing to its excellent penetration, material compatibility, and scalability, this vapor-phase approach offers a promising solution for the large-scale conservation of paper-based cultural heritage.