Spatial distribution and influencing factors of the Qing-dynasty eight scenes along the Henan Yellow River

As curated cultural ensembles in ancient Chinese cities, the Eight Scenes shaped regional landscape construction and human settlement formation. This study examines the Eight Scenes of 44 county-level cities along the Henan section of the Yellow River during the Qing Dynasty. Based on local gazetteers and documents, a GIS database is established to examine the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the Eight Scenes using the Average nearest neighbor analysis, kernel density analysis, buffer analysis, and statistical analysis. Results show: (1) variations in scene composition across counties reflect regional characteristics; (2) the distribution forms a clustered “belt with multiple cores,” with scene types displaying clustered or random patterns; and (3) spatial distribution is shaped by both natural and socio-cultural forces. Naturally, scenes concentrate in low-altitude and water-adjacent areas, and show seasonality. Socio-culturally, they cluster near roads and county seats, influenced by topography, historical culture, human–land–water relations, and local life.