journal article·2025-02-22Open access

Dense Buddha head object detection and counting YOLOv8 network based on multi-scale attention and data augmentation fusion

Yang Li, Yalun Wang, Dong Sui, Maozu Guo

npj Heritage Science· Volume 13· Issue 1

Abstract

Buddha head is a valuable cultural heritage of human civilization. Detection and counting of Buddha’s head is a very important work. Especially in the case of a large number of Buddha heads and dense, detection and counting is very necessary. This work is helpful for cultural relics conservators to quickly obtain the number of Buddha heads and carry out the next protection and repair work. However, the detection and counting of Buddha’s head usually rely on visual inspection, which is very time-consuming and labour-intensive in dense cases. In this paper, we design a new YOLOv8 network with an efficient multi-scale attention module to detect and count dense Buddha heads. Our research data comes from high-precision images: sculptures of Buddha heads in the Wanfo Hall in Fangshan District, Beijing. Through data enhancement and transformation, we have 3000 images for training. The final mean accuracy value (mAP) reached 0.92. and found that the detection effect on broken Buddha heads is still considerable. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work to apply an improved YOLO deep learning model to address the target detection and counting of Buddha head, which has achieved good results.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Neural Network Applications · Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection · Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (43)

Show source-provided references
1. Cao, J. et al. Ancient mural segmentation based on multiscale feature fusion and dual attention enhancement. Herit. Sci. 12, 1–15 (2024).10.1186/s40494-024-01172-x ↗
2. Li, Y. et al. Detection and recognition of Chinese porcelain inlay images of traditional Lingnan architectural decoration based on YOLOv4 technology. Herit. Sci. 12, 1–41 (2024).10.1186/s40494-023-01112-1 ↗
3. Varghese, R. & Sambath, M. YOLOv8: a novel object detection algorithm with enhanced performance and robustness. In 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS) 1–6 (2024).10.1109/ADICS58448.2024.10533619 ↗
4. Jo, Y. H., Hong, S., Jo, S. Y. & Kwon, Y. Noncontact restoration of missing parts of stone Buddha statue based on three-dimensional virtual modeling and assembly simulation. Herit. Sci. 8, 103 (2020).10.1186/s40494-020-00450-8 ↗
5. Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R. & Sun, J. Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision 1440–1448 (2015).
6. He, K., Gkioxari, G., Dollár, P. & Girshick, R. Mask R-CNN. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision 2980–2988 (2017).10.1109/ICCV.2017.322 ↗
7. Redmon, J., Divvala, S. K., Girshick, R. B. & Farhadi, A. You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition 779–788 (2015).10.1109/CVPR.2016.91 ↗
8. Chen, S., Sun, P., Song, Y. & Luo, P. DiffusionDet: diffusion model for object detection. In IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision 19773–19786 (2022).10.1109/ICCV51070.2023.01816 ↗
9. Redmon, J. YOLOv3: an incremental improvement. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.02767 (2018).10.48550/arXiv.1804.02767 ↗
10. Feng, S., Qian, H., Wang, H. & Wang, W. Real-time object detection method based on YOLOv5 and efficient mobile network. J. Real. Time Image Pr. 21, 56 (2024).10.1007/s11554-024-01433-9 ↗
11. Ouyang, D. et al. Efficient multi-scale attention module with cross-spatial learning. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech Signal Processing 1–5 (2023).10.1109/ICASSP49357.2023.10096516 ↗
12. Gao, G., Gao, J., Liu, Q., Wang, Q. & Wang, Y. CNN-based density estimation and crowd counting: a survey (2020).
13. Boominathan, L., Kruthiventi, S. S. & Babu, R. V. CrowdNet: a deep convolutional network for dense crowd counting. In ACM (2016).10.1145/2964284.2967300 ↗
14. Ghosal, S., Zheng, B., Chapman, S. C., Potgieter, A. B. & Guo, W. A weakly supervised deep learning framework for sorghum head detection and counting. Plant Phenomics 1, 14 (2019).
15. Li, X. et al. Evaluation of an ancient cast-iron Buddha head by step-heating infrared thermography. Infrared Phys. Technol. 98, 223–229 (2019).10.1016/j.infrared.2019.03.017 ↗
16. Ikeuchi, K. et al. The Great Buddha project: digitally archiving, restoring, and analyzing cultural heritage objects. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 75, 189–208 (2007).10.1007/s11263-007-0039-y ↗
17. Pan, H., Wang, B. & Jiang, H. Deep learning for object saliency detection and image segmentation. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 27, 1135–1149 (2015).
18. Li, C. et al. YOLOv6: a single-stage object detection framework for industrial applications. (2022).
19. Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Lan, Y. & Zhang, T. Human figure detection in Han portrait stone images via enhanced YOLO-v5. Herit. Sci. 12, 1–16 (2024).10.1186/s40494-023-01112-1 ↗
20. Wang, C. Y. et al. CSPNet: a new backbone that can enhance learning capability of CNN. In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (2020).10.1109/CVPRW50498.2020.00203 ↗
21. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J. & Intelligence, M. Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37, 1904–1916 (2014).10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2389824 ↗
22. Wu, Y. et al. PANet: a point-attention based multi-scale feature fusion network for point cloud registration. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1–13 (2023).
23. Hu, J., Shen, L. & Sun, G. Squeeze-and-excitation networks. In IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence (2017).10.1109/CVPR.2018.00745 ↗
24. Zhao, Y. et al. DETRs beat YOLOs on real-time object detection. IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition. 16965–74 (2023).10.1109/CVPR52733.2024.01605 ↗
25. Xia, C., Wang, X., Lv, F., Hao, X. & Shi, Y. ViT-CoMer: vision transformer with convolutional multi-scale feature interaction for dense predictions. IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition. 5493–502 (2024).10.1109/CVPR52733.2024.00525 ↗
26. Cheng, T. et al. YOLO-world: real-time open-vocabulary object detection. IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition. 16901–11 (2024).10.1109/CVPR52733.2024.01599 ↗
27. Song, J., Meng, C. & Ermon, S. Denoising diffusion implicit models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (2021).
28. Wei, L. & Tong, Y. Enhanced-YOLOv8: a new small target detection model. Digit. Signal Process. 153, 104611 (2024).10.1016/j.dsp.2024.104611 ↗
29. Gao, C. et al. Applying optimized YOLOv8 for heritage conservation: enhanced object detection in Jiangnan traditional private gardens. Herit. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01144-1 (2024).10.1186/s40494-024-01144-1 ↗
30. Hou, M. et al. Using mask R-CNN to rapidly detect the gold foil shedding of stone cultural heritage in images. Herit. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01158-9 (2024).10.1186/s40494-024-01158-9 ↗
31. Hou, M., Hao, W., Dong, Y. & Ji, Y. A detection method for the ridge beast based on improved YOLOv3 algorithm. Herit. Sci. 11, 1–12 (2023).10.1186/s40494-023-00995-4 ↗
32. Redmon, J. & Farhadi, A. YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 6517–6525 (2017).10.1109/CVPR.2017.690 ↗
33. Lin, T., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K. & Dollár, P. Focal loss for dense object detection. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision 2999–3007 (2017).10.1109/ICCV.2017.324 ↗
34. Jiang, C. et al. Object detection from UAV thermal infrared images and videos using YOLO models. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs Geoinf. 112, 102912 (2022).
35. Arbace, L. et al. Innovative uses of 3D digital technologies to assist the restoration of a fragmented terracotta statue. J. Cult. Herit. 14, 332–3345 (2013).10.1016/j.culher.2012.06.008 ↗
36. Pavlidis, G., Koutsoudis, A., Arnaoutoglou, F., Tsioukas, V. & Chamzas, C. Methods for 3D digitization of cultural heritage. J. Cult. Herit. 8, 93–98 (2007).10.1016/j.culher.2006.10.007 ↗
37. Saadat, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Karim, R. & Mustafa, R. Classifcation of cultural heritage mosque of Bangladesh using CNN and Keras model. In Intelligent Computing and Optimization: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Optimization 2020 647–658 (2021).10.1007/978-3-030-68154-8_56 ↗
38. Zhang, Z. et al. ViT-YOLO:Transformer-based YOLO for object detection. In IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision 2799–2808 (2021).10.1109/ICCVW54120.2021.00314 ↗
39. Qian, Z. et al. Transformer based multiple instance learning for weakly supervised histopathology image segmentation. In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (2022).10.1007/978-3-031-16434-7_16 ↗
40. Zheng, S. et al. Rethinking semantic segmentation from a sequence-to-sequence perspective with transformers. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition 6877–6886 (2020).10.1109/CVPR46437.2021.00681 ↗
41. Wang, Q. et al. ECA-Net: efficient channel attention for deep convolutional neural networks. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition 11531–11539 (2019).10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.01155 ↗
42. Gao, Z., Xie, J., Wang, Q. & Li, P. Global second-order pooling convolutional networks. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision Pattern Recognition 3019–3028 (2018).10.1109/CVPR.2019.00314 ↗
43. Mo, X. & Chen, X. Realtime global attention network for semantic segmentation. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 7, 1574–1580 (2021).10.1109/LRA.2022.3140443 ↗