journal article·2026-05-19Open access

XRF examination of the overpainting of fascist symbols in a painting by Erich Mercker

Ioanna Mantouvalou, Maram Na’es, Yannick Wagener, Magnus Bauer, Thomas Schuhbauer, Patrick J. Jung

npj Heritage Science· Volume 14· Issue 1

Abstract

Abstract Erich Mercker was a successful impressionist painter in mid-20 th century Germany. While his illustration of industrial subjects made him especially successful during the National Socialist (Nazi) period, his career lasted from 1920 to 1973. We present the analysis of ‘Die Stätte des 9. November’ and prove that Nazi symbolism was overpainted post-factum. Using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques in combination with a discussion of the historical context we propose that the painting, depicting a Nazi monument, was produced in November 1934 and changed after 1945. This work thus gives the first definite proof of an overpainting in Mercker’s oeuvre.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis · X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis · Cold Fusion and Nuclear Reactions

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (31)

Show source-provided references
1. Jung, P. L. & Stahnke, C. M. Erich Mercker and Technical Subjects: A Landscape and Industrial Artist in Twentieth-Century Germany. (MSOE Press: Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2014).
2. Jung, P. J. Erich Mercker and ‘Technical Subjects’: Industrial Painting in the Eras of Weimar and Nazi Germany. Ia. J. Soc. Ind. Archeol. 34, 149–164 (2008).
3. Kater, M. H. Culture in Nazi Germany. (Yale University Press, 2020).10.12987/9780300245110 ↗
4. Petropoulos, J. & Petropoulos, J. The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2002).
5. Peters, O. et al. Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Germany 1937. (Prestel Verlag, München, 2014).
6. Tali, M. 0281 From Unwanted Heritage towards Difficult Heritage: Revisiting the Legacies of Arno Breker and His Portrait Busts of the Ludwig Couple. RIHA J. https://doi.org/10.11588/riha.2022.1.87895 (2022).10.11588/riha.2022.1.87895 ↗
7. Fulda, B. Myth-making in Hitler’s Shadow: The Transfiguration of Emil Nolde after 1945. in Rewriting German History: New Perspectives on Modern Germany (eds. Rüger, J. & Wachsmann, N.) 177–194 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347794_10.10.1057/9781137347794_10 ↗
8. Redmann, M. Beyond Nationalism? Blank Spaces at the documenta 1955 – The Legacy of an Exhibition Between Old Europe and New World Order. Artl@s Bull. 9, 29–43 (2019).
9. Hinz, B. Art in the Third Reich. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
10. Janssens, K. et al. Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Examination of Artistic Pigments, Paints, and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Methods. in Analytical Chemistry for Cultural Heritage (ed. Mazzeo, R.) 77–128 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52804-5_3.10.1007/978-3-319-52804-5_3 ↗
11. Handbook of Practical X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2007).
12. Bauer, L. J., Mustafa, H. A., Zaslansky, P. & Mantouvalou, I. Chemical mapping of teeth in 2D and 3D: X-ray fluorescence reveals hidden details in dentine surrounding fillings. Acta Biomaterialia 109, 142–152 (2020).10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.008 ↗
13. Lachmann, T., Snickt, G., van der, Haschke, M. & Mantouvalou, I. Combined 1D, 2D and 3D micro-XRF techniques for the analysis of illuminated manuscripts. J. Anal. Spectrom. 31, 1989–1997 (2016).10.1039/C6JA00220J ↗
14. Janssens, K. et al. Use of microscopic XRF for non-destructive analysis in art and archaeometry. X-Ray Spectrom. 29, 73–91 (2000).10.1002/(SICI)1097-4539(200001/02)29:1<73::AID-XRS416>3.0.CO;2-M ↗
15. Bonizzoni, L., Caglio, S., Galli, A. & Poldi, G. Comparison of three portable EDXRF spectrometers for pigment characterization. X-Ray Spectrom. 39, 233–242 (2010).10.1002/xrs.1253 ↗
16. Seim, C. et al. Old traces, read anew – ‘The Reading Hermit’ painting in the light of X-ray fluorescence. J. Anal. Spectrom. 29, 1354–1360 (2014).10.1039/C3JA50301A ↗
17. Alfeld, M. et al. A mobile instrument for in situ scanning macro-XRF investigation of historical paintings. J. Anal. Spectrom. 28, 760–767 (2013).10.1039/c3ja30341a ↗
18. Na’es, M. et al. Simultaneous multi-angle AR-XANES for surface-sensitive chemical speciation of gold nanolayers in wall painting replica. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 40, 238–247 (2025).10.1039/D4JA00269E ↗
19. Križnar, A., Muñoz, V., de la Paz, F., Respaldiza, M. A. & Vega, M. Portable XRF study of pigments applied in Juan Hispalense’s 15th century panel painting. X-Ray Spectrom. 40, 96–100 (2011).10.1002/xrs.1314 ↗
20. Monico, L. et al. Advanced X-ray techniques to study the alteration of pigments in paintings. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 48, 315–434 (2025).10.1007/s40766-025-00070-7 ↗
21. De Keyser, N. et al. Reviving degraded colors of yellow flowers in 17th century still life paintings with macro- and microscale chemical imaging. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn6344 (2022).10.1126/sciadv.abn6344 ↗
22. Dik, J. et al. Visualization of a Lost Painting by Vincent van Gogh Using Synchrotron Radiation Based X-ray Fluorescence Elemental Mapping. Anal. Chem. 80, 6436–6442 (2008).10.1021/ac800965g ↗
23. Kanngießer, B., Malzer, W., Mantouvalou, I., Sokaras, D. & Karydas, A. G. A deep view in cultural heritage—confocal micro X-ray spectroscopy for depth resolved elemental analysis. Appl. Phys. A 106, 325–338 (2012).10.1007/s00339-011-6698-0 ↗
24. Tapia, J. et al. Efficiency of combined MA-XRF and CXRF to give nondestructive insights about changes of a historical painting. Eur. Phys. J. 138, 46 (2023).
25. Mantouvalou, I. et al. Operando Measurement of Transition Metal Deposition in a NMC Li-Ion Battery Using Laboratory Confocal Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Small 21, 2502460 (2025).10.1002/smll.202502460 ↗
26. Mantouvalou, I. et al. A compact 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with X-ray tube excitation for archaeometric applications. J. Anal. Spectrom. 25, 554–561 (2010).10.1039/b915912f ↗
27. Förste, F. et al. Quantification routines for full 3D elemental distributions of homogeneous and layered samples obtained with laboratory confocal micro XRF spectrometers. J. Anal. Spectrom. 37, 1687–1695 (2022).10.1039/D2JA00119E ↗
28. Kokkori, M., Casadio, F. & Boon, J. J. A comprehensive study of early 20th-century oil-based enamel paints: Integrating industrial technical literature and analytical data. https://ir.amolf.nl/pub/6439 (2014).
29. Izzo, F. C. 20TH Century Artists’ Oil Paints: A Chemical-Physical Survey. https://www.academia.edu/56986839/20TH_Century_Artists_Oil_Paints_A_Chemical_Physical_Survey (2011).
30. Rios Casier, A. et al. Towards a classification system for Modernist painters’ reworking practices illustrated by James Ensor’s revised paintings. npj Herit. Sci. 13, 411 (2025).10.1038/s40494-025-01983-6 ↗
31. Feldherrnhalle. Wikipedia (2025).