One-dimensional (1-D) fiber-based electronics: from building blocks to integrated wearable systems

One-dimensional fiber electronics integrate sensing, energy, computation, and display functions within deformable thread-like platforms compatible with textile systems. Their cylindrical geometry enables conformal contact with dynamic surfaces, while scalable fabrication strategies support multifunctional integration. This perspective highlights key manufacturing approaches, functional modules, and system-level design principles, and discusses challenges and future directions toward reliable, high-density, and commercially viable wearable fiber-electronic systems.