Nanomechanical probing and strain tuning of the Curie temperature in suspended Cr2Ge2Te6-based heterostructures
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Two-dimensional magnetic materials with strong magnetostriction are attractive systems for realizing strain-tuning of the magnetization in spintronic and nanomagnetic devices. This requires an understanding of the magneto-mechanical coupling in these materials. In this work, we suspend thin Cr2Ge2Te6 layers and their heterostructures, creating ferromagnetic nanomechanical membrane resonators. We probe their mechanical and magnetic properties as a function of temperature and strain by observing magneto-elastic signatures in the temperature-dependent resonance frequency near the Curie temperature, TC. We compensate for the negative thermal expansion coefficient of Cr2Ge2Te6 by fabricating heterostructures with thin layers of WSe2 and antiferromagnetic FePS3, which have positive thermal expansion coefficients. Thus we demonstrate the possibility of probing multiple magnetic phase transitions in a single heterostructure. Finally, we demonstrate a strain-induced enhancement of TC in a suspended Cr2Ge2Te6-based heterostructure by 2.5 ± 0.6 K by applying a strain of 0.026% via electrostatic force.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: 2D Materials and Applications · Perovskite Materials and Applications · Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (63)
Show source-provided references
1. Huang, B. et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit. Nature 546, 270 (2017).10.1038/nature22391 ↗
2. Gong, C. et al. Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Nature 546, 265 (2017).10.1038/nature22060 ↗
3. Lee, J.-U. et al. Ising-type magnetic ordering in atomically thin FePS3. Nano Lett. 16, 7433 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03052 ↗
4. Gibertini, M., Koperski, M., Morpurgo, A. F. & Novoselov, K. S. Magnetic 2D materials and heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 408 (2019).10.1038/s41565-019-0438-6 ↗
5. Carteaux, V., Brunet, D., Ouvrard, G. & Andre, G. Crystallographic, magnetic and electronic structures of a new layered ferromagnetic compound Cr2Ge2Te6. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 7, 69 (1995).10.1088/0953-8984/7/1/008 ↗
6. Verzhbitskiy, I. A. et al. Controlling the magnetic anisotropy in Cr2Ge2Te6 by electrostatic gating. Nat. Electron. 3, 460 (2020).10.1038/s41928-020-0427-7 ↗
7. Wang, Z. et al. Electric-field control of magnetism in a few-layered van der Waals ferromagnetic semiconductor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 554 (2018).10.1038/s41565-018-0186-z ↗
8. Selter, S., Bastien, G., Wolter, A. U. B., Aswartham, S. & Büchner, B. Magnetic anisotropy and low-field magnetic phase diagram of the quasi-two-dimensional ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6. Phys. Rev. B 101, 014440 (2020).10.1103/PhysRevB.101.014440 ↗
9. Sun, Y. et al. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on spin-lattice coupling in two-dimensional ferromagnetic Cr2Ge2Te6. Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 072409 (2018).10.1063/1.5016568 ↗
10. Sakurai, T. et al. Pressure control of the magnetic anisotropy of the quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6. Phys. Rev. B 103, 024404 (2021).10.1103/PhysRevB.103.024404 ↗
11. Wang, N. et al. Transition from ferromagnetic semiconductor to ferromagnetic metal with enhanced Curie temperature in Cr2Ge2Te6 via organic ion intercalation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 17166 (2019).10.1021/jacs.9b06929 ↗
12. Gupta, V. et al. Manipulation of the van der Waals magnet Cr2Ge2Te6 by spin–orbit torques. Nano Lett. 20, 7482 (2020).10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02965 ↗
13. Ostwal, V., Shen, T. & Appenzeller, J. Efficient spin-orbit torque switching of the semiconducting van der Waals ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6. Adv. Mater. 32, 1906021 (2020).10.1002/adma.201906021 ↗
14. Tian, Y., Gray, M. J., Ji, H., Cava, R. J. & Burch, K. S. Magneto-elastic coupling in a potential ferromagnetic 2D atomic crystal. 2D Mater. 3, 025035 (2016).10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025035 ↗
15. Kozlenko, D. P. et al. Spin-induced negative thermal expansion and spin–phonon coupling in van der Waals material CrBr3. npj Quantum Mater. 6, 19 (2021).10.1038/s41535-021-00318-5 ↗
16. Casto, L. D. et al. Strong spin-lattice coupling in CrSiTe3. APL Mater. 3, 041515 (2015).10.1063/1.4914134 ↗
17. McGuire, M. A., Dixit, H., Cooper, V. R. & Sales, B. C. Coupling of crystal structure and magnetism in the layered, ferromagnetic insulator CrI3. Chem. Mater. 27, 612–620 (2015).10.1021/cm504242t ↗
18. Schneeloch, J. A. et al. Gapless Dirac magnons in CrCl3. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.10771v1 (2021).10.1038/s41535-022-00473-3 ↗
19. Miao, F., Liang, S.-J. & Cheng, B. Straintronics with van der Waals materials. npj Quantum Mater. 6, 59 (2021).10.1038/s41535-021-00360-3 ↗
20. Yang, S., Chen, Y. & Jiang, C. Strain engineering of two-dimensional materials: Methods, properties, and applications. InfoMat 3, 397–420 (2021).10.1002/inf2.12177 ↗
21. Chen, C. et al. Performance of monolayer graphene nanomechanical resonators with electrical readout. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 861 (2009).10.1038/nnano.2009.267 ↗
22. Zhang, X. et al. Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators. Nat. Commun. 11, 5526 (2020).10.1038/s41467-020-19261-3 ↗
23. Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J. W. & Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 5887 (2008).
24. Chen, C. et al. Graphene mechanical oscillators with tunable frequency. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 923 (2013).10.1038/nnano.2013.232 ↗
25. Lemme, M. C. et al. Nanoelectromechanical sensors based on suspended 2D materials. Research 2020, 8748602 (2020).10.34133/2020/8748602 ↗
26. Steeneken, P. G., Dolleman, R. J., Davidovikj, D., Alijani, F. & van der Zant, H. S. J. Dynamics of 2D material membranes. 2D Mater. 8, 042001 (2021).10.1088/2053-1583/ac152c ↗
27. Šiškins, M. et al. Magnetic and electronic phase transitions probed by nanomechanical resonators. Nat. Commun. 11, 2698 (2020).10.1038/s41467-020-16430-2 ↗
28. Morell, N. et al. High quality factor mechanical resonators based on WSe2 monolayers. Nano Lett. 16, 5102 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02038 ↗
29. Ye, F., Lee, J. & Feng, P. X.-L. Atomic layer MoS2-graphene van der Waals heterostructure nanomechanical resonators. Nanoscale 9, 18208 (2017).10.1039/C7NR04940D ↗
30. Jiang, S., Xie, H., Shan, J. & Mak, K. F. Exchange magnetostriction in two-dimensional antiferromagnets. Nat. Mater. 19, 1295 (2020).10.1038/s41563-020-0712-x ↗
31. Ni, Z. et al. Imaging the Néel vector switching in the monolayer antiferromagnet MnPSe3 with strain-controlled Ising order. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 782–787 (2021).10.1038/s41565-021-00885-5 ↗
32. Liu, K. et al. Elastic properties of chemical-vapor-deposited monolayer MoS2, WS2, and their bilayer heterostructures. Nano Lett. 14, 5097 (2014).10.1021/nl501793a ↗
33. Kim, S., Yu, J. & van der Zande, A. M. Nano-electromechanical drumhead resonators from two-dimensional material bimorphs. Nano Lett. 18, 6686 (2018).10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01926 ↗
34. Novoselov, K. S., Mishchenko, A., Carvalho, A. & Neto, A. H. C. 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Science 353, aac9439 (2016).10.1126/science.aac9439 ↗
35. Castellanos-Gomez, A. et al. Elastic properties of freely suspended MoS2 nanosheets. Adv. Mater. 24, 772 (2012).10.1002/adma.201103965 ↗
36. de Jong, M. et al. Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds. Sci. Data 2, 150009 (2015).10.1038/sdata.2015.9 ↗
37. Li, X. & Yang, J. CrXTe3 (X = Si, Ge) nanosheets: Two dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 7071 (2014).10.1039/C4TC01193G ↗
38. Cantos-Prieto, F. et al. Layer-dependent mechanical properties and enhanced plasticity in the van der Waals chromium trihalide magnets. Nano Lett. 21, 3379–3385 (2021).10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04794 ↗
39. Castellanos-Gomez, A. et al. Single-layer MoS2 mechanical resonators. Adv. Mater. 25, 6719 (2013).10.1002/adma.201303569 ↗
40. Lyon, K. G., Salinger, G. L., Swenson, C. A. & White, G. K. Linear thermal expansion measurements on silicon from 6 to 340 K. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 865 (1977).10.1063/1.323747 ↗
41. Chen, T., Pauly, M. & Reis, P. M. A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with stable memory. Nature 589, 386 (2021).10.1038/s41586-020-03123-5 ↗
42. Mahboob, I. & Yamaguchi, H. Bit storage and bit flip operations in an electromechanical oscillator. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 275 (2008).10.1038/nnano.2008.84 ↗
43. Roodenburg, D., Spronck, J. W., van der Zant, H. S. J. & Venstra, W. J. Buckling beam micromechanical memory with on-chip readout. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 183501 (2009).10.1063/1.3129195 ↗
44. Zhang, R., Koutsos, V. & Cheung, R. Elastic properties of suspended multilayer WSe2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 042104 (2016).10.1063/1.4940982 ↗
45. Çakír, D., Peeters, F. M. & Sevik, C. Mechanical and thermal properties of h-MX2 (M = Cr, Mo, W; X = O, S, Se, Te) monolayers: A comparative study. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 203110 (2014).10.1063/1.4879543 ↗
46. Lifshitz, R. & Roukes, M. L. Thermoelastic damping in micro- and nanomechanical systems. Phys. Rev. B 61, 5600 (2000).10.1103/PhysRevB.61.5600 ↗
47. Sun, Y., Fang, D. & Soh, A. K. Thermoelastic damping in micro-beam resonators. Int. J. Solids. Struct. 43, 3213 (2006).10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.08.011 ↗
48. Agarwal, M. & Wani, P. Growth conditions and crystal structure parameters of layer compounds in the series Mo1−xWxSe2. Mater. Res. Bull. 14, 825 (1979).10.1016/0025-5408(79)90144-2 ↗
49. Zeng, F., Zhang, W.-B. & Tang, B.-Y. Electronic structures and elastic properties of monolayer and bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = O, S, Se, Te): A comparative first-principles study. Chinese Phys. B 24, 097103 (2015).10.1088/1674-1056/24/9/097103 ↗
50. Khan, S. et al. Spin dynamics study in layered van der Waals single-crystal Cr2Ge2Te6. Phys. Rev. B 100, 134437 (2019).10.1103/PhysRevB.100.134437 ↗
51. Hashemi, A., Komsa, H.-P., Puska, M. & Krasheninnikov, A. V. Vibrational properties of metal phosphorus trichalcogenides from first-principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 27207 (2017).10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09634 ↗
52. Chen, C. Graphene nanoelectromechanical resonators and oscillators (PhD thesis, Columbia University, 2013).
53. Weber, P., Güttinger, J., Tsioutsios, I., Chang, D. E. & Bachtold, A. Coupling graphene mechanical resonators to superconducting microwave cavities. Nano Lett. 14, 2854 (2014).10.1021/nl500879k ↗
54. Wunnicke, O. Analytical model of the quasistatic mechanical behavior of galvanic piezoelectric microelectromechanical system switches. J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104502 (2009).10.1063/1.3255945 ↗
55. Roldán, R., Castellanos-Gomez, A., Cappelluti, E. & Guinea, F. Strain engineering in semiconducting two-dimensional crystals. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27, 313201 (2015).
56. Dong, X.-J., You, J.-Y., Zhang, Z., Gu, B. & Su, G. Great enhancement of Curie temperature and magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic semiconductor heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 102, 144443 (2020).10.1103/PhysRevB.102.144443 ↗
57. Zhang, L. et al. Proximity-coupling-induced significant enhancement of coercive field and Curie temperature in 2D van der Waals heterostructures. Adv. Mater. 32, 2002032 (2020).10.1002/adma.202002032 ↗
58. Wang, Y. et al. Modulation doping via a two-dimensional atomic crystalline acceptor. Nano Lett. 20, 8446–8452 (2020).10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03493 ↗
59. Dolleman, R. J. et al. Optomechanics for thermal characterization of suspended graphene. Phys. Rev. B 96, 165421 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevB.96.165421 ↗
60. Morell, N. et al. Optomechanical measurement of thermal transport in two-dimensional MoSe2 lattices. Nano Lett. 19, 3143 (2019).10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00560 ↗
61. Ben-Shimon, Y. & Ya’akobovitz, A. Magnetic excitation and dissipation of multilayer two-dimensional resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 118, 063103 (2021).10.1063/5.0038902 ↗
62. Castellanos-Gomez, A. et al. Deterministic transfer of two-dimensional materials by all-dry viscoelastic stamping. 2D Mater. 1, 011002 (2014).10.1088/2053-1583/1/1/011002 ↗
63. Will, M. et al. High quality factor graphene-based two-dimensional heterostructure mechanical resonator. Nano Lett. 17, 5950 (2017).10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01845 ↗