Edgewise compressive properties of cardboard obtained from shear loading tests
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract A shear loading test was performed to obtain the edgewise compressive properties of two 1-mm-thick flat cardboard samples whose length coincided with the machine and cross directions. To determine the optimum configuration of the sample, the gauge length, defined as the distance between the inner edges of the tabs adhered to the ends of the sample, was varied from 2 to 30 mm, the optimum gauge length was determined to be 12 mm. The compressive stress–strain relationship was subsequently obtained using the sample with this optimum configuration, and the Young’s modulus, proportional limit stress, compressive strength, and Poisson’s ratio were determined. In addition, these properties were compared with those obtained from a tension test conducted independently of the compression test. Based on the results obtained in this study, the shear loading test was effective in obtaining several edgewise compressive properties of cardboard when the sample configuration was appropriately designed, despite several issues that should be solved in the future.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Material Properties and Processing · Wood Treatment and Properties · Soil, Finite Element Methods
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane University , Nishikawazu-cho 1060 , Matsue , Shimane , 690-8504 , Japan
Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology , Toyosawa 2200-2 , Fukuroi , Shizuoka , 437-8555 , Japan
References (58)
Show source-provided references
1. Andrzejak, K., Mrówczyński, D., Gajewski, T., and Garbowski, T. (2024). Investigating the effect of perforations on the load-bearing capacity of cardboard packaging. Materials 17: 4205, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174205.10.3390/ma17174205 ↗
2. ASTM standard D3410/D3410M-16 (2016). Standard test method for compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials with unsupported gage section by shear loading.
3. ASTM standard D3501-05a (2018). Standard test methods for wood-based structural panels in compression.
4. Azzi, V.D. and Tsai, S.W. (1965). Anisotropic strength of composites. Exp. Mech. 5: 283–288, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02326292.10.1007/BF02326292 ↗
5. Brandberg, A. and Kulachenko, A. (2020). Compression failure in dense non-woven fiber networks. Cellulose 27: 6065–6082, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03153-2.10.1007/s10570-020-03153-2 ↗
6. Cavlin, S. and Fellers, C. (1975). A new method for measuring the edgewise compression properties of paper. Svensk Papperstidning 78: 329–332.
7. Crisp, C.J., Stott, R.A., and Tomlinson, J.C. (1968). Resistance of corrugated board to flat crushing loads. Tappi 51: 80A–83A.
8. Czechowski, L., Bieńkowska, M., and Szewczyk, W. (2018). Paperboard tubes failure due to lateral compression – experimental and numerical study. Compos. Struct. 203: 132–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.027.10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.027 ↗
9. Czechowski, L., Pełczynski, P., Bieńkowska, M., and Szewczyk, W. (2023). Numerical and experimental study into paper compression test. Materials 16: 7513, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247513.10.3390/ma16247513 ↗
10. Eekhout, M., Verheijen, F., and Visser, R. (Eds.). (2008). Cardboard in architecture. IOS Press, New York.
11. Emislie, A.G. and Brenneman, R.S. (1967). A theoretical and experimental study of the scoring and bending of boxboard. Tappi 50: 289–297.10.1111/j.1444-0938.1967.tb02116.x ↗
12. Enomae, T. (2007). Application of image correlation technique to determination of in-plane deformation distribution of paper. J Jpn. Soc. Non-Destruct. Inspec. 56: 561–566.
13. Fellers, C. (1983). Edgewise compression strength of paper. In: Mark, R.E. (Ed.). Handbook of physical and mechanical testing of paper and paperboard, Vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 349–383.
14. Fellers, C., de Ruvo, A., Elfstrom, J., and Htun, M. (1980). Edgewise compression properties–A comparison of handsheets made from pulps of various yields. Tappi 63: 109–112.
15. Gajewski, T., Garbowski, T., Staszak, N., and Kuca, M. (2021). Crushing of double-walled corrugated board and its influence on the load capacity of various boxes. Energies 14: 4321, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144321.10.3390/en14144321 ↗
16. Gajewski, T., Grabski, J.K., Cornaggia, A., and Garbowski, T. (2024). On the use of artificial intelligence in predicting the compressive strength of various cardboard packaging. Packag. Technol. Sci. 37: 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2783.10.1002/pts.2783 ↗
17. Garbowski, T., Gajewski, T., and Grabski, J.K. (2020). Estimation of the compressive strength of corrugated cardboard boxes with various openings. Energies 14: 155, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010155.10.3390/en14010155 ↗
18. Garbowski, T., Gajewski, T., and Grabski, J.K. (2021). Estimation of the compressive strength of corrugated cardboard boxes with various perforations. Energies 14: 1095, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041095.10.3390/en14041095 ↗
19. Gunderson, D. (1983). Edgewise compression of paperboard: a new concept of lateral support. Appita 37: 137–141.
20. Gunderson, D.E. (1984). A comparison of three methods for determining the edgewise compressive properties of paperboard. Appita 37: 307–314.
21. Hearmon, R.F.S. (1948). The elasticity of wood and plywood. In: Department of science and industry research, forest products research special rep. 7. HMSO, London.
22. Huang, H. and Nygårds, M. (2010). A simplified material model for finite element analysis of paperboard creasing. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 25: 502–509, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-04-p505-512.10.3183/npprj-2010-25-04-p502-509 ↗
23. Huang, H. and Nygårds, M. (2012). Numerical investigation of paperboard forming. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 27: 211–225, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p211-225.10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p211-225 ↗
24. ISO standard 9895:2008 (2008). Paper and board – compressive strength – short-Span test.
25. ISO standard 12192:2011 (2011). Paper and board – determination of compressive strength – ring crush test.
26. Johansson, S., Engqvist, J., Tryding, J., and Hall, S.A. (2021). 3D strain field evolution and failure mechanisms in anisotropic paperboard. Exp. Mech. 61: 581–608, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-020-00681-7.10.1007/s11340-020-00681-7 ↗
27. Johansson, S., Engqvist, J., Tryding, J., and Hall, S.A. (2023). Experimental investigation of microscale mechanisms during compressive loading of paperboard. Cellulose 30: 4639–4662, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05168-x.10.1007/s10570-023-05168-x ↗
28. Johnson, J.A., Bennett, K.A., and Montrey, H.M. (1983). Failure phenomena. In: Mark, R.E. (Ed.). Handbook of physical and mechanical testing of paper and paperboard, Vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 89–99.
29. Latka, J.F. (2017). Paper in architecture: research by design, engineering and prototyping. Architect. Built Environ. 19: 1–532, https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2017.19.1875.10.59490/ABE.2017.19.1875 ↗
30. Li, X., Wang, J., Chuang, C., Gao, D., Lu, G., Lu, L., and Wang, Z. (2018). Mathematical models for predicting the quasi-static stress characteristics of corrugated paperboard with sinusoidal core along the longitudinal compression. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 149: 136–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.028.10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.028 ↗
31. Matsumoto, N. and Nairn, J.A. (2009). The fracture toughness of medium density fiberboard (MDF) including the effects of fiber bridging and crack-plane interference. Eng. Fract. Mech. 76: 2748–2757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.04.007.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.04.007 ↗
32. Morris, R.M. and Van Liew, G.P. (1975). An improved edgewise compression test for linerboard. Tappi 58: 110–113.
33. Mrówczyński, D., Garbowski, T., and Knitter-Piątkowska, A. (2021). Estimation of the compressive strength of corrugated board boxes with shifted creases on the flaps. Materials 14: 5181, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185181.10.3390/ma14185181 ↗
34. Mrówczyński, D., Gajewski, T., Pośpiech, M., and Garbowski, T. (2024). Estimation of the compressive strength of cardboard boxes including packaging overhanging on the pallet. Appl. Sci. 14: 819, https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020819.10.3390/app14020819 ↗
35. Nairn, J.A. (2009). Analytical and numerical modeling of R curves for cracks with bridging zones. Int. J. Fract. 155: 167–181, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-009-9338-3.10.1007/s10704-009-9338-3 ↗
36. Nakai, T. and Yamai, R. (1982). Properties of the important Japanese woods. The mechanical properties of 35 important Japanese woods. Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta. 319: 13–46.
37. Park, J., Park, M., Choi, D.S., Jung, H.M., and Hwang, S.W. (2020). Finite element-based simulation for edgewise compression behavior of corrugated paperboard for packaging of agricultural products. Appl. Sci. 10: 6716, https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196716.10.3390/app10196716 ↗
38. Ramberg, W. and Osgood, W.R. (1943). Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters. In: Tech. Note no. 902. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, DC.
39. Sawada, M. (1983). Deformation behavior of wood. J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 32: 838–847, https://doi.org/10.2472/jsms.32.838.10.2472/jsms.32.838 ↗
40. Schönwälder, J. and Rots, J. (2008). Mechanical behaviour of cardboard in construction. In: Eekhout, M., Verheijen, F., and Visser, R. (Eds.). Cardboard in architecture. IOS Press, New York, pp. 131–146.
41. Seth, R.S. and Soszynski, R.M. (1979). An evaluation of methods for measuring the intrinsic edgewise compressive strength of paper. Tappi 62: 125–127.
42. Setterholm, V.C. and Gertjejansen, R.O. (1965). Method for measuring the edgewise compressive properties of paper. Tappi 48: 308–313.
43. Setterholm, V.C. and Gunderson, D.E. (1983). Observations on load-deformation testing. In: Mark, R.E. (Ed.). Handbook of physical and mechanical testing of paper and paperboard, Vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 115–143.
44. Shah, A. and Hirpara, S. (2017). Paper-tubes as a building material. J. Sustain. Construct. Mater. Technol. 2: 79–82, https://doi.org/10.29187/jscmt.2018.10.10.29187/jscmt.2018.10 ↗
45. Stockmann, V.E. (1976). Measurement of intrinsic compressive strength of paper. Tappi 59: 93–97.
46. Taher, S.T., Thomsen, O.T., Dulieu-Barton, J.M., and Zhang, S. (2004). Determination of mechanical properties of PVC foam using a modified Arcan fixture. Compos. A 43: 1698–1708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.010.10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.010 ↗
47. Timoshenko, S. (1955). Strength of materials part 1: elementary theory and problems, 3rd ed. D. Van Nostrand, New York.
48. Timoshenko, S. and Gere, J.M. (1963). Theory of elastic stability, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
49. Venkatesan, S., Afroz, M., Navaratnam, S., and Gravina, R. (2023). Circular-economy-based approach to utilizing cardboard in sustainable building construction. Buildings 13: 181, https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010181.10.3390/buildings13010181 ↗
50. Wang, P., Pierron, F., Thomsen, O.T., and Zhang, S. (2013). Optimised experimental characterisation of polymeric foam material using DIC and the virtual fields method. Strain 52: 59–79, https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12170.10.1111/str.12170 ↗
51. Wang, P., Pierron, F., Ross, M., Lava, P., and Thomsen, O.T. (2016). Identification of material parameters of PVC foams using digital image correlation and the virtual fields method. Exp. Mech. 53: 1001–1015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-012-9703-4.10.1007/s11340-012-9703-4 ↗
52. Yokoyama, T., Nakai, K., and Inagaki, T. (2009). Orientation dependence of in-plane tensile properties of paper: experiments and theories. J. Jpn. Soc. Exp. Mech. 9: s86–s91, https://doi.org/10.11395/jjsem.9.s86.
53. Yokoyama, T. and Nakai, K. (2010). Orientation dependence of in-plane tensile properties of paperboard and cardboard: experiments and theories. J. Jpn. Soc. Exp. Mech. 10: 146–151, https://doi.org/10.11395/jjsem.10.s146.
54. Yoshihara, H. and Itoh, A. (2003). Influence of large deflection on the measurement of bending properties of veneer by three-point static bending tests. Wood Fiber Sci. 35: 293–300.
55. Yoshihara, H., Yoshinobu, M., and Maruta, M. (2021). Comparing Young’s modulus values of paperboard obtained by four methods. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 67: 208–216, https://doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.67.208.10.2488/jwrs.67.208 ↗
56. Yoshihara, H., Yoshinobu, M., and Maruta, M. (2023a). Buckling test of flat cardboard and examination of critical load for buckling. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 68: 165–171, https://doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.68.165.10.2488/jwrs.68.165 ↗
57. Yoshihara, H., Yoshinobu, M., and Maruta, M. (2023b). Bending stiffness and moment capacity of cardboard obtained from three-point and elastica bending tests. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 38: 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2022-0087.10.1515/npprj-2022-0087 ↗
58. Yoshihara, H., Yoshinobu, M., and Maruta, M. (2026 In press). Effect of sample length and width on Young’s modulus value of paperboard obtained from flexural vibration test. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2025-0058.10.1515/npprj-2025-0058 ↗