Inhibition of hornification in simao pine fibers and recycled paper with different beating degrees by microwave expansion treatment
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Pulp and paper industry, though vital, strains forest resources, highlighting the importance of alternative materials and waste paper recycling. This study explores how beating degree and microwave expansion affect Simao pine fibers and recycled paper. Beating damages fiber cell walls, enhancing water-related and fibrillation abilities, increasing fine fiber content and water retention, and boosting paper tensile strength (from 11.5 kN/m at 13°SR to 48.45 kN/m at 62°SR), but over-beating weakens fibers. More recycling cycles reduce mechanical strength (except tear index). Microwave expansion improves fiber water retention and fine fiber content; 13°SR un-beaten fibers see 49.34 % more fiber-fiber bonds. Recycled paper with microwave-expanded fibers has stronger bonds. For example, 24°SR microwave-expanded paper after three cycles has 39.83 % higher tensile strength than conventional paper, and secondary expansion makes 13°SR paper after three cycles 51.82 % stronger. The study, by reducing hornification via microwave puffing and improving fiber water retention, provides theoretical and technical support for better waste paper recycling efficiency.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · Lignin and Wood Chemistry · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Chemical Engineering , 47910 Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan , 650500 , China
Funding
Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology · Kunming University of Science and Technology
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Ashrafi, O., Yerushalmi, L., and Haghighat, F. (2015). Wastewater treatment in the pulp-and-paper industry: a review of treatment processes and the associated greenhouse gas emission. J. Environ. Manage. 158: 146–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.010.10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.010 ↗
2. Awalluddin, D., Ariffin, M.A.M., Osman, M.H., Ibrahim, I.S., Lee, H.S.J.I.C.S.E., and Science, E. (2019). Interactive buckling of structural local bamboo in Malaysia. OP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 220: 012036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012036.10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012036 ↗
3. B, V.A.A., B (2021). Wood supply chain risks and risk mitigation strategies: a systematic review focusing on the northern hemisphere. Biomass. Bioenerg. 148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106001.10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106001 ↗
4. Bardage, S., Donaldson, L., Tokoh, C., and Daniel, G. (2004). Ultrastructure of the cell wall of unbeaten Norway spruce pulp fibre surfaces. Nord. Pulp. Pap. Res. J. 19: 448–452, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2004-19-04-p448-452.10.3183/npprj-2004-19-04-p448-452 ↗
5. Carlsson, D., D’Amours, S., Martel, A., and Ronnqvist, M. (2009). Supply chain planning models in the pulp and paper industry. INFOR Inf. Syst. Oper. Res. 47: 167–183, https://doi.org/10.3138/infor.47.3.167.10.3138/infor.47.3.167 ↗
6. Chandra, R.P., Wu, J., and Saddler, J.N. (2019). The application of fiber quality analysis (FQA) and cellulose accessibility measurements to better elucidate the impact of fiber curls and kinks on the enzymatic hydrolysis of fibers. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7: 8827–8833, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00783.10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00783 ↗
7. Chengkai, Z., Na, T., Baohai, P., Jing, C., Fei, L., Jin, Z., and Haining (2018). Revealing the importance of non-thermal effect to strengthen hydrolysis of cellulose by synchronous cooling assisted microwave driving. Carbohydr. Polym. 197: 414–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.031.10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.031 ↗
8. Chudy, S., Makowska, A., Krzywdzińska Bartkowiak, M., Piątek, M., Henriques, M., Borges, A.R., Gomes, D., and Pereira, C.D. (2021). The effect of microparticulated whey protein on the characteristics of reduced fat cheese and of the corresponding microwave vacuum dried cheese puffs and finely ground puffs. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 74: 747–758, https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12796.10.1111/1471-0307.12796 ↗
9. Diniz, J.M.B.F., Gil, M.H., and Castro, J.A.A.M. (2004). Hornification – Its origin and interpretation in wood pulps. Wood Sci. Technol. 37: 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0216-2.10.1007/s00226-003-0216-2 ↗
10. Hines, P.J.J.S. (2021). Computational analysis of cell walls. Science 372: 698.7–699, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.372.6543.698-g.10.1126/science.372.6543.698-g ↗
11. Hui, R., Wenxuan, M., and Bo, L. (2023). Effect of surfactants on the cellulosic fiber characteristics during paper recycling. Cellulose 30: 7939–7953, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05384-5.10.1007/s10570-023-05384-5 ↗
12. Kato, K.L. and Cameron, R.E. (1999). A review of the relationship between thermally-accelerated ageing of paper and hornification. Cellulose 6: 23–40, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009292120151.10.1023/A:1009292120151 ↗
13. Kek?L?Inen, K., Liimatainen, H., Illikainen, M., Maloney, T.C., and Niinim?Ki, J. (2014). The role of hornification in the disintegration behaviour of TEMPO-oxidized bleached hardwood fibres in a high-shear homogenizer. Cellulose 21: 1163–1174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0210-x.10.1007/s10570-014-0210-x ↗
14. Li, J., Liu, Y., Sun, B., and Zhang, R. (2020). Improving the wet strength of hemicelluloses based composite films by citric acid crosslinking. J. Wood. Chem. Technol. 41: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2020.1847147.10.1080/02773813.2020.1847147 ↗
15. Lu, Z., Yao, C., Xie, F., Si, L., and Ma, Q. (2020). Highly flexible and conductive sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/silver nanowires composite films. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31: 2353–2359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02768-x.10.1007/s10854-019-02768-x ↗
16. Min, L.I., Yu-Jie, G., Lan-Fang, W.U., and Hong-Juan, L. (2011). Study on the refining of foodstuff packaging sack paper of simao pine kraft pulp. J. Tianjin Univ. Sci. & Tech., https://doi.org/10.13364/j.issn.1672-6510.2011.06.011.
17. Mission, E.G., Quitain, A.T., Sasaki, M., and Kida, T. (2017). Synergizing graphene oxide with microwave irradiation for efficient cellulose depolymerization into glucose. (Paper)Green Chem 19: 3831–3843, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC01691C.10.1039/C7GC01691C ↗
18. Mo, W., Chen, K., Yang, X., Kong, F., Liu, J., and Li, B. (2022). Elucidating the hornification mechanism of cellulosic fibers during the process of thermal drying. Carbohydr. Polym. 289: 119434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119434.10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119434 ↗
19. Padovani, J., Legland, D., Pernes, M., Gallos, A., Beaugrand, J., and Shah, D.U. (2019). Beating of hemp bast fibres: an examination of a hydro-mechanical treatment on chemical, structural, and nanomechanical property evolutions. Cellulose 26: 5665–5683, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02456-3.10.1007/s10570-019-02456-3 ↗
20. Pu, C. (2014). The influence of pulping on the dynamic mechanical properties of simao pine fibers. Paper Sci. Technol. 4, https://doi.org/10.19696/j.issn1671-4571.2014.02.003.
21. Qiao, Y., Zhai, C., Liu, F., Chen, L., Zhu, J., and Chen, J. (2019). Highly efficient microwave driven assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to sugar with the utilization of ZrO2 to inhibit recrystallization of cellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 228: 115358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115358.10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115358 ↗
22. Rodríguez, A., Serrano, L., Moral, A., and Journal, L. (2008). Pulping of rice straw with high-boiling point organosolv solvents – ScienceDirect. Biochem. Eng. J. 42: 243–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.07.001.10.1016/j.bej.2008.07.001 ↗
23. Sellman, F.A., Benselfelt, T., Larsson, P.T., and Wgberg, L. (2023). Hornification of cellulose-rich materials – A kinetically trapped state. Carbohydr. Polym. 318: 121132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121132.10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121132 ↗
24. Sharma, R., Ximenes, F., and Garnier, G. (2025). Australian wheat and hardwood fibers for advanced packaging materials. Nord. Pulp. Paper. Res. J. 40: 113–120, https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2024-0055.10.1515/npprj-2024-0055 ↗
25. Sjstrand, B., Karlsson, C.A., Barbier, C., and Henriksson, G. (2023). Hornification in commercial chemical pulps: dependence on water removal and hornification mechanisms. BioResources 18: 3856–3869, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.3856-3869.10.15376/biores.18.2.3856-3869 ↗
26. Stlund, S., Khnke, T., Nordstierna, L., and M.N. (2010). NMR cryoporometry to study the fiber wall structure and the effect of drying. Cellulose 17: 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9383-0.10.1007/s10570-009-9383-0 ↗
27. Sun, N., Jiang, H., Su, R., Zhang, L., Shen, L., and Sun, H.J.A.O. (2022). Experimental study on synergistic demulsification of microwave-magnetic nanoparticles. ACS omega 7: 35523–35531, https://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf.10.1021/acsomega.2c02226 ↗
28. Sun, H., Wang, Y., Li, H., Wei, L., Zhu, Y., Zhang, W., and Wang, W. (2024). Influence mechanism of paper mechanical properties: numerical simulation and experimental verification based on a fiber network. Nord. Pulp. Paper. Res. J. 39, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2798004/v1.10.1515/npprj-2024-0021 ↗
29. Toba, K., Yamamoto, H., and Yoshida, M. (2013). Crystallization of cellulose microfibrils in wood cell wall by repeated dry-and-wet treatment, using X-ray diffraction technique. Cellulose 20: 633–643, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9853-7.10.1007/s10570-012-9853-7 ↗
30. Tutuş, A., Özdemir, A., and ÇiçEKLER, M. (2017). Evaluation of linter cellulose as an alternative raw material for tissue paper production. Drvna Ind 68: 291–298, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-2827.10.5552/drind.2017.1647 ↗
31. Tze, W.T. and Gardner, D.J. (2001). Swelling of recycled wood pulp fibers: effect on hydroxyl availability and surface chemistry. Wood. Fiber. Sci. 33: 364–376, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680100100.10.1007/s004680100100 ↗
32. Waham, ASHAIER, Laftah, W.A.N., and Aizan, W.A.N. (2015). Pulping process and the potential of using non-wood pineapple leaves fiber for pulp and paper production. J. Nat. Fibers. 13: 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2014.984060.10.1080/15440478.2014.984060 ↗
33. Wohlert, M., Benselfelt, T., Wagberg, L., Istvanberglund, lars a.wohlert, and Jakob (2022). Cellulose and the role of hydrogen bonds: not in charge of everything. Cellulose, 29: 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04325-4.10.1007/s10570-021-04325-4 ↗
34. Worku, L.A., Bachheti, A., Bachheti, R.K., Rodrigues Reis, C.E., and Chandel, A.K. (2023). Agricultural residues as raw materials for pulp and paper production: overview and applications on membrane fabrication. Membranes 13: 228, https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020228.10.3390/membranes13020228 ↗
35. Xie, X., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Feng, X., Chen, M., Ban, Q., Hideo, K., and Du, W. (2022). Wide microwave absorption bandwidth of the puffed-rice-based carbon obtained at 950°C. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 33: 14134–14143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08343-1.10.1007/s10854-022-08343-1 ↗
36. Yuan, C., Chen, Y., and Liu, W.Z.Z. (2023). The basic mechanical properties and shrinkage properties of recycled micropowder UHPC. materials 16: 1570, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041570.10.3390/ma16041570 ↗
37. Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Huang, J., Li, K., An, L., Hu, J., and Lei, W. (2024). Effect of fine fibers on secondary fibers and recycled paper. Nord. Pulp. Paper. Res. J. 39: 11–20, https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2023-0062.10.1515/npprj-2023-0062 ↗
38. Zhao, D., Yang, F., Dai, Y., Tao, F., Shen, Y., Duan, W., Zhou, X., Ma, H., Tang, L., and Li, J. (2017). Exploring crystalline structural variations of cellulose during pulp beating of tobacco stems. Carbohydr. Polym. 174: 146–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.060.10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.060 ↗