Realistic evaluation of the size of a reflector perpendicular to a surface in double-V butt welds and T joints with ultrasound

Incomplete penetration in double-bevel welds, double-V welds, and T joints can be detected and its size estimated only with the tandem technique. Sometimes, however, the tandem technique cannot be readily used because of a complex specimen shape, particularly at sheets with wide surfacing welds and closed vessels. The estimation of a reflector size using the DGS method provides no useful results. A multi-wave ultrasonic probe and transformation of ultrasonic waves, however, may substitute for the tandem technique.