Development of woven and quasi-unidirectional reinforcement fabrics with hemp fibers: study of mechanical and preforming behaviors
Source abstract
Abstract
The use of hemp fibers for the manufacturing of reinforcements for composite materials is not well common, despite a growing interest of natural fibers in this field of application. In addition to the choice of the type of fiber used, the choice of the type of reinforcement plays an important role in the final properties of the composite material. Unidirectional or woven fabrics are widely used as reinforcement to achieve advanced properties at the scale of composite, depending on the specifications of the final material. In this study, a quasi-unidirectional fabric and two woven fabrics (one balanced and one unbalanced in terms of fiber content) are studied to compare their properties at different levels: mechanical and preforming properties of the reinforcements in dry state and mechanical properties of composite materials reinforced by these fabrics. The objective is to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of both types of reinforcements (woven fabrics and quasi-unidirectional fabrics) in order to be able to select the most suitable reinforcement according to the specifications of the final composite part. As a result, the quasi-unidirectional reinforcement showed enhanced properties both at fabric and composite scale. These structures based on hemp fibers present promising properties that concur structures made of flax and already available on the market.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Bamboo properties and applications · Tree Root and Stability Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (55)
Show source-provided references
1. Reux F, Group JEC, Pierrejean E, Co E (2020) JEC Observer: overview of the global composites market 2019–2024. JEC Group. https://www.jeccomposites.com/press/jec-observerbroverview-of-the-globalbrcomposites-market-2021-2026-eco/
2. Graupner N, Weber DE, Bell EG (2022) Hemp from disordered lines for new staple fibre yarns and high-performance composite applications. Front Mater 8, Sec. polymeric and composite materials. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.80700410.3389/fmats.2021.807004 ↗
3. Bourmaud A, Beaugrand J, Shah DU et al (2018) Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites. Prog Mater Sci 97:347–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.05.00510.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.05.005 ↗
4. Pil L, Bensadoun F, Pariset J, Verpoest I (2016) Why are designers fascinated by flax and hemp fibre composites? Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 83:193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.00410.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.004 ↗
5. Shah D (2014) Natural fibre composites: Comprehensive Ashby-type materials selection charts. Mater Des 62:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.00210.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.002 ↗
6. Baley C, Gomina M, Breard J et al (2019) Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials. Int J Mater Form 12:1023–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-018-1455-y10.1007/s12289-018-1455-y ↗
7. Largillière J Flax & Hemp Fiber Composites, a market reality - The biobased solutions for the industry - JEC Group. In: https://www.jeccomposites.com/. https://www.jeccomposites.com/product/flax-hemp-fiber-composites-a-market-reality-the-biobased-solutions-for-the-industry/. Accessed 2 May 2021
8. Ivars J, Labanieh AR, Soulat D (2021) Effect of the fibre orientation distribution on the mechanical and preforming behaviour of nonwoven preform made of recycled carbon fibres. Fibers 9:82. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib912008210.3390/fib9120082 ↗
9. Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink H-P, Sain M (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog Polym Sci 37:1552–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.00310.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003 ↗
10. Gager V, Le Duigou A, Bourmaud A et al (2019) Understanding the effect of moisture variation on the hygromechanical properties of porosity-controlled nonwoven biocomposites. Polym Test 78:105944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.10594410.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105944 ↗
11. Shahzad A (2012) Hemp fiber and its composites - A review. J Compos Mater - J Compos Mater 46:973–986. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831141362310.1177/0021998311413623 ↗
12. Madsen B, Hoffmeyer P, Thomsen AB, Lilholt H (2007) Hemp yarn reinforced composites – I. Yarn characteristics. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 38:2194–2203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.06.00110.1016/j.compositesa.2007.06.001 ↗
13. Graupner N, Lehmann K-H, Weber DE et al (2021) Novel low-twist bast fibre yarns from flax tow for high-performance composite applications. Materials 14:105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1401010510.3390/ma14010105 ↗
14. Goutianos S, Peijs T, Nyström B, Skrifvars M (2006) Development of flax fibre based textile reinforcements for composite applications. Appl Compos Mater 13:199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-006-9010-210.1007/s10443-006-9010-2 ↗
15. Corbin A-C, Sala B, Soulat D et al (2020) Development of quasi-unidirectional fabrics with hemp fiber: A competitive reinforcement for composite materials. J Compos Mater. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199832095423010.1177/0021998320954230 ↗
16. Jacquot P-B, Wang P, Soulat D, Legrand X (2016) Analysis of the preforming behaviour of the braided and woven flax/polyamide fabrics. J Ind Text 46:698–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/152808371559159210.1177/1528083715591592 ↗
17. Xue D, Hu H (2013) Mechanical properties of biaxial weft-knitted flax composites. Mater Des 46:264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.01910.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.019 ↗
18. Bensadoun F, Vallons KAM, Lessard LB et al (2016) Fatigue behaviour assessment of flax–epoxy composites. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 82:253–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.00310.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.003 ↗
19. Cadu T, Berges M, Sicot O et al (2018) What are the key parameters to produce a high-grade bio-based composite? Application to flax/epoxy UD laminates produced by thermocompression. Compos Part B Eng 150:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.05910.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.059 ↗
20. Moudood A, Rahman A, Khanlou HM et al (2019) Environmental effects on the durability and the mechanical performance of flax fiber/bio-epoxy composites. Compos Part B Eng 171:284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.03210.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.032 ↗
21. Poilâne C, Cherif ZE, Richard F et al (2014) Polymer reinforced by flax fibres as a viscoelastoplastic material. Compos Struct 112:100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.01.04310.1016/j.compstruct.2014.01.043 ↗
22. Zhou G, Sun Q, Li D et al (2020) Effects of fabric architectures on mechanical and damage behaviors in carbon/epoxy woven composites under multiaxial stress states. Polym Test 90:106657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.10665710.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106657 ↗
23. Cao J, Chen J, Peng XQ (2011) In-plane shear properties of woven fabric reinforced composites. Compos Reinf Optim Perform 267–305. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093714.3.26710.1533/9780857093714.3.267 ↗
24. Corbin A-C, Soulat D, Ferreira M, Labanieh A-R (2020) Influence of process parameters on properties of hemp woven reinforcements for composite applications: mechanical properties, bias-extension tests and fabric forming. J Nat Fibers 0:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.176192510.1080/15440478.2020.1761925 ↗
25. Baets J, Plastria D, Ivens J, Verpoest I (2014) Determination of the optimal flax fibre preparation for use in unidirectional flax-epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 33:493–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168441351862010.1177/0731684413518620 ↗
26. Torres JP, Vandi L-J, Veidt M, Heitzmann MT (2017) The mechanical properties of natural fibre composite laminates: A statistical study. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 98:99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.03.01010.1016/j.compositesa.2017.03.010 ↗
27. Corbin A-C, Soulat D, Ferreira M et al (2020) Towards hemp fabrics for high-performance composites: Influence of weave pattern and features. Compos Part B Eng 181:107582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.10758210.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107582 ↗
28. Müssig J, Amaducci S, Bourmaud A et al (2020) Transdisciplinary top-down review of hemp fibre composites: From an advanced product design to crop variety selection. Compos Part C Open Access 2:100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.10001010.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100010 ↗
29. Sala B, Gabrion X, Trivaudey F et al (2021) Influence of the stress level and hygrothermal conditions on the creep/recovery behaviour of high-grade flax and hemp fibre reinforced GreenPoxy matrix composites. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 141:106204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.10620410.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106204 ↗
30. Boisse P, Hamila N, Vidal-Sallé E, Dumont F (2011) Simulation of wrinkling during textile composite reinforcement forming. Influence of tensile, in-plane shear and bending stiffnesses. Compos Sci Technol 71:683–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.01110.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.011 ↗
31. Boisse P, Colmars J, Hamila N et al (2018) Bending and wrinkling of composite fiber preforms and prepregs. A review and new developments in the draping simulations. Compos Part B Eng 141:234–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.06110.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.061 ↗
32. Jin H, Boisse P, Hamila N, Zhu Y (2020) Simulation of wrinkling during bending of composite reinforcement laminates. Materials 13:2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1310237410.3390/ma13102374 ↗
33. Boisse P, Huang J, Guzman-Maldonado E (2021) Analysis and modeling of wrinkling in composite forming. J Compos Sci 5:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs503008110.3390/jcs5030081 ↗
34. Azzouz R, Allaoui S, Moulart R (2021) Composite preforming defects: a review and a classification. Int J Mater Form 14:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-021-01643-710.1007/s12289-021-01643-7 ↗
35. Krieger H, Gries T, Stapleton SE (2018) Shear and drape behavior of non-crimp fabrics based on stitching geometry. Int J Mater Form 11:593–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-017-1368-110.1007/s12289-017-1368-1 ↗
36. Brands D, di Genova LG, Pierik ER et al (2022) Formability experiments for unidirectional thermoplastic composites. Key Eng Mater 926:1358–1371. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-x3g08610.4028/p-x3g086 ↗
37. Jin H, Boisse P, Hamila N et al (2021) Experimental and numerical analysis of textile composite draping on a square box. Influence of the weave pattern. Compos Struct 267:113844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.11384410.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113844 ↗
38. Ouagne P, Soulat D, Moothoo J et al (2013) Complex shape forming of a flax woven fabric; analysis of the tow buckling and misalignment defect. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 51:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.01710.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.017 ↗
39. Capelle E, Ouagne P, Soulat D, Duriatti D (2014) Complex shape forming of flax woven fabrics: Design of specific blank-holder shapes to prevent defects. Compos Part B Eng 62:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.02.00710.1016/j.compositesb.2014.02.007 ↗
40. Tephany C, Gillibert J, Ouagne P et al (2016) Development of an experimental bench to reproduce the tow buckling defect appearing during the complex shape forming of structural flax based woven composite reinforcements. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 81:22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.01110.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.011 ↗
41. Tephany C, Soulat D, Gillibert J, Ouagne P (2016) Influence of the non-linearity of fabric tensile behavior for preforming modeling of a woven flax fabric. Text Res J 86:604–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751559503010.1177/0040517515595030 ↗
42. Omrani F, Wang P, Soulat D et al (2017) Analysis of the deformability of flax-fibre nonwoven fabrics during manufacturing. Compos Part B Eng 116:471–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.00310.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.003 ↗
43. Grégoire M, Bar M, De Luycker E et al (2021) Comparing flax and hemp fibres yield and mechanical properties after scutching/hackling processing. Ind Crops Prod 172:114045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.11404510.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114045 ↗
44. AFNOR NF G07–316 (1988) Textiles - tests of yarns - determination of linear density. https://www.boutique.afnor.org/en-gb/standard/nf-g07316/textiles-tests-of-yarns-determination-of-linear-density/fa018845/8441
45. AFNOR NF G07–079 (2011) Textiles - testing threads - determining the twisting of threads by untwisting/retwisting with a double re-test.https://www.boutique.afnor.org/en-gb/standard/nf-g07079/textiles-testing-threads-determining-the-twisting-of-threads-by-untwisting-/fa165831/37236
46. Uster Tester 6 is the standard for yarn testing - Uster Technologies. https://www.uster.com/products/staple-yarn-testing/uster-tester/. Accessed 7 Jun 2022
47. AFNOR NF EN ISO 2062 (2010) Textiles - Yarns from packages - determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break using constant rate of extension (CRE) tester. https://www.iso.org/standard/45642.html
48. AFNOR NF EN ISO 5084 (1996) Textiles - Determination of thickness of textiles and textile products. https://www.iso.org/standard/23348.html
49. AFNOR NF EN 12127 (1998) Textiles - Fabrics - Determination of mass per unit area using small samples. https://m.boutique.afnor.org/en-gb/standard/nf-en-12127/textiles-fabrics-determination-of-mass-per-unit-area-using-small-samples/fa041735/8381
50. AFNOR ISO 4604 (2011s) Reinforcement fabrics — Determination of conventional flexural stiffness — Fixed-angle flexometer method. https://www.iso.org/standard/59252.html
51. AFNOR. NF EN ISO 13934–1 (2013) Tensile properties of fabrics - Part 1 : determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method. https://www.iso.org/standard/60676.html
52. ASTM International ASTM D3039 / D3039M-17 (2017) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. West Conshohocken. https://www.astm.org/d3039_d3039m-17.html
53. Dufour C, Boussu F, Wang P, Soulat D (2018) Local strain measurements of yarns inside of 3D warp interlock fabric during forming process. Int J Mater Form 11:775–788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-017-1385-010.1007/s12289-017-1385-0 ↗
54. Labanieh AR, Garnier C, Ouagne P et al (2018) Intra-ply yarn sliding defect in hemisphere preforming of a woven preform. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 107:432–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.01.01810.1016/j.compositesa.2018.01.018 ↗
55. Bensadoun F, Verpoest, I, Van Vuure A.W (2016) In-service behaviour of flax fibre reinforced composites for high performance applications. Thèse, KU Leuven