Rapid manufacturing of woven comingled flax/polypropylene composite structures
Source abstract
Abstract
The use of natural fibre reinforced composites such as flax fibre / polypropylene is in a constant expansion particularly in automotive and marine industries due to their good mechanical properties, low density and thus, lightness, low environmental impact, low cost, recyclability, renewable properties of flax fibres and a minimum energy intake during their process. One of the major challenges of thermoplastic composites for the automotive industry is to manufacture finished parts in a single processing step within a minimum amount of time. For this purpose, a stamping airflow device was specifically developed. It is designed to produce woven comingled composite parts from comingled woven fabrics such as flax/polypropylene in only 200 s. Firstly, preliminary tests and the optimization of processing parameters were performed. Then, a quasi-static mechanical characterization of the formed parts was realized. By using criteria based on mechanical properties, the optimal process parameters such as the level of pressure, temperature, holding time and cooling rate so that to obtain the lowest voids rate were determined. Finally, a comparison of the mechanical properties of parts obtained from using the new manufacturing process and a conventional thermo-compression process is presented to demonstrate the interest and the level of performance achieved by this original and fast manufacturing device.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (48)
Show source-provided references
1. Shah DU (2013) Developing plant fibre composites for structural applications by optimising composite parameters: a critical review. J Mater Sci 48:6083–610710.1007/s10853-013-7458-7 ↗
2. Baley C (2002) Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase. Comp Part A : Appl Sci and Manuf 33(7):939–94810.1016/S1359-835X(02)00040-4 ↗
3. Yan L, Chouw N, Jayaraman K (2014) Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Comp Part B 56:296–31710.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014 ↗
4. Shah D, Schubel P, Clifford M (2013) Can flax replace E-glass in structural composites? A small wind turbine blade case study. Comp Part B 52:172–18110.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.027 ↗
5. Zimniewska M et al (2012) Natural Fiber textile structures suitable for composite materials. J of Natur Fib 9:229–23910.1080/15440478.2012.737176 ↗
6. Duflou J, Yelin D, Acker K, Dewulf W (2014) Comparative impact assessment for flax fibre versus conventional glass fibre reinforced composites: are bio-based reinforcement materials the way to go? CIRP Ann 63(1):45–4810.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.061 ↗
7. Sharma S, Sutcliffe M, Chang S (2003) Characterisation of material properties for draping of dry woven composite material. Comp Part A 34(12):1167–117510.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.001 ↗
8. Ouagne P, Soulat D, Allaoui S, Hivet G (2010) Mechanical properties and forming possibilities of a new generation of flax woven fabrics. Proceeding of the 10th international conference on textile Composite (Texcomp), p. 345, Lille
9. Rudd C, Long A, Kendall K, Mangin C (1997) Liquid Moulding technologies. England, Cambridge10.1533/9781845695446 ↗
10. Shekar I et al (2011) Hybrid fabrics for structural composites. J of Industr Text 41(1):70–10310.1177/1528083710396263 ↗
11. Fitoussi J, Bocquet M, Meraghni F (2013) Effect of the matrix behavior on the damage of ethylene–propylene glass fiber reinforced composite subjected to high strain rate tension. Comp Part B 45(1):1181–119110.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.011 ↗
12. Picher-Martel G, Levy A et PH (2016) Compression moulding of carbon/PEEK randomly-oriented strands composites: A 2D finite element model to predict the squeeze flow behaviour. Comp Part A 81:69–7710.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.006 ↗
13. RocTool (2016) http://www.roctool.com/company/news-and-releases/roctool-launches-new-performance-cooling-units . Accessed 20 Jan 2016
14. Charlet K, Jernot J, Breard J, Gomina M (2010) Scattering of morphological and mechanical properties of flax fibres. Industr Crops and Prod 32(3):220–22410.1016/j.indcrop.2010.04.015 ↗
15. Charlet K et al (2009) Influence of an Agatha flax fibre location in a stem on its mechanical, chemical and morphological properties. Comp Sci and Technol 69:1399–140310.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.002 ↗
16. Le Duigou A et al (2014) A multi-scale study of the interface between natural fibres and a biopolymer. Comp Part A 65:161–16810.1016/j.compositesa.2014.06.010 ↗
17. Madsen B, Thygesen A, Lilholt H (2007) Plant fibre composites – porosity and volumetric interaction. Comp Sci and Technol 67:1584–160010.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.009 ↗
18. Yan L, Yiu-Wing M, Lin Y (2000) Sisal fibre and its composites: a review of recent developments. Comp Sci and Technol 60:2037–205510.1016/S0266-3538(00)00101-9 ↗
19. Peterlin A (1975) Plastic deformation of polymers with fibrous structures. Colloid and Polym Sci 253:809–82310.1007/BF01452401 ↗
20. Samuels RJ (1985) Polymer structure: the key to process property control. Polym Eng & Sci 25:864–87410.1002/pen.760251403 ↗
21. Ouagne P, Bizet L, Baley C, Breard J (2010) Analysis of the film stacking processing parameters for PLLA/flax fibre biocomposites. J of Comp Mat 44:1201–121510.1177/0021998309349019 ↗
22. Bourmaud A, Le Duigou A, Gourier C (2016 Jun) Baley C (2016). Influence of processing temperature on mechanical performance of unidirectional polyamide 11–flax fibre composites. Ind Crop Prod 84:151–16510.1016/j.indcrop.2016.02.007 ↗
23. Gassan J, Bledzki AK (2001) Thermal degradation of flax and jute fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 82:1417–142210.1002/app.1979 ↗
24. Destaing F (2012) Contribution à l’étude du comportement mécanique de matériaux composites biosourcés lin/PA11 élaborés par thermocompression. Dissertation, University of Caen Normandie
25. Berges M et al (2016) Influence of moisture uptake on the static, cyclic and dynamic behaviour of unidirectional flax fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates. Comp Part A 88:165–17710.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.029 ↗
26. Liang S, Gning P-B, Guillaumat L (2015) Quasi-static behaviour and damage assessment of flax/epoxy composites. Mater and Design 67:344–35310.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.048 ↗
27. Yan L, Qian L, Hao M (2015) The voids formation mechanisms and their effects on the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Comp Part A 72:40–48
28. Oksman K (2001) High quality flax fibre composites manufactured by the resin transfer moulding process. J of Reinf Plastics and Comp 20:621–62710.1177/073168401772678634 ↗
29. Georgiopoulos P, Christopoulos A, Koutsoumpis K, Kontou E (2016) The effect of surface treatment on the performance of flax/biodegradable composites. Comp Part B 106:88–9810.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.027 ↗
30. Martin N, Davies P, Baley C (2016) Evaluation of the potential of three non-woven flax fiber reinforcements: Spunlaced, needlepunched and paper process mats. Industr Crops and Prod 83:194–20510.1016/j.indcrop.2015.10.008 ↗
31. Couture A, Lebrun G, Laperrière L (2016) Mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with unidirectional flax and flax-paper layers. Comp Struct 154:286–29510.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.069 ↗
32. Madsen B, Lilholt H (2003) Physical and mechanical properties of unidirectional plant fibre composites—an evaluation of the influence of porosity. Comp Sci and Technol 63:1265–127210.1016/S0266-3538(03)00097-6 ↗
33. Angelov I et al (2007) Pultrusion of a flax/polypropylene yarn. Comp Part A 38:1431–143810.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.024 ↗
34. Oksman K (2000) Mechanical properties of natural fibre mat reinforced thermoplastic. Appl Compos Mater 7:403–41410.1023/A:1026546426764 ↗
35. Nassiopoulos E, Njuguna J (2015) Thermo-mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid)/flax fibre-reinforced biocomposites. Mater & Design 66:473–48510.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.051 ↗
36. Kong K, Park P, Lee J (2014) Study on structural design and analysis of flax natural fiber composite tank manufactured by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. Mater Letters 130:21–2510.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.042 ↗
37. Gu H, Liyan L (2008) Research on properties of thermoplastic composites reinforced by flax fabrics. Mater & Design 29:1075–107910.1016/j.matdes.2007.03.027 ↗
38. Liu L, Zhang B-M, Wang D-F, Wu Z-J (2006) Effects of cure cycles on void content and mechanical properties of composite laminates. Comp Struct 73:303–30910.1016/j.compstruct.2005.02.001 ↗
39. Campbell F, Mallow A, Browning C (1995) Porosity in carbon fiber composites an overview of causes. J of Advan Mater 26:18–33
40. White S, Kim Y (1996) Staged curing of composite materials. Comp Part A 27:219–22710.1016/1359-835X(95)00023-U ↗
41. Gu Y, Li M, Zhang Z, Sun Z (2010) Void formation model and measuring method of void formation condition during hot pressing process. Polym Compos 31:1562–157110.1002/pc.20944 ↗
42. Grunenfelder L, Nutt S (2010) Void formation in composite prepregs – effect of dissolved moisture. Comp Sci and Technol 70:2304–230910.1016/j.compscitech.2010.09.009 ↗
43. Koushyar H, Alavi-Soltani S, Minaie B, Violette M (2012) Effects of variation in autoclave pressure, temperature, and vacuum-application time on porosity and mechanical properties of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite. J Compos Mater 46:1985–200410.1177/0021998311429618 ↗
44. Herrmann A, Nicke J, Riedel U (1998) Construction materials based upon biologically renewable resources—from components to finished parts. Polym Degrad and Stab 59:251–26110.1016/S0141-3910(97)00169-9 ↗
45. Gourier C, Le Duigou A, Bourmaud A, Baley C (2014) Mechanical analysis of elementary flax fibre tensile properties after different thermal cycles. Comp Part A 64:159–16610.1016/j.compositesa.2014.05.006 ↗
46. Mohanty AK, Khan MA, Sahoo S, Hinrichsen G (2000) Effect of chemical modification on the performance of biodegradable jute yarn-biopol® composites. J. of. Mater Sci 35:2589–259510.1023/A:1004723330799 ↗
47. Van de Velde K, Kiekens P (2003) Effect of material and process parameters on the mechanical properties of unidirectional and multidirectional flax/polypropylene composites. Comp Struc 62:443–44810.1016/j.compstruct.2003.09.018 ↗
48. Alcock B et al (2006) The mechanical properties of unidirectional all-polypropylene composites. Comp Part A 37:716–72610.1016/j.compositesa.2005.07.002 ↗