DataVXInternational Journal of Material FormingPaper
journal article·2022-05Open access

Advancements in extrusion and drawing: a review of the contributes by the ESAFORM community

Lorenzo Donati, Barbara Reggiani, Riccardo Pelaccia, Marco Negozio, Sara Di Donato

International Journal of Material Forming· Volume 15· Issue 3
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract The present review paper would celebrate the 25 years anniversary of the ESAFORM association by summarizing the studies performed by the delegates of the ESAFORM conference series within mini-symposium “Extrusion and Drawing” and of the papers published in the International Journal of Material Forming in the same fields. The 160 analyzed papers have been divided in four main categories corresponding to the paper main chapters (Hot Metal Extrusion, Cold Metal Extrusion, Polymer Extrusion and Drawing) then further divided in sub-chapters in order to group them in more specific research subjects. The aim of this review paper is then to provide to the reader a complete overview of the investigated topics and of the research trends over the years within the ESAFORM associate researchers.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

Polymers

OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and mechanical properties · Metallurgy and Material Forming · Metal Forming Simulation Techniques

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Mousoulis M, Tseronis D, Sideris LF, Fotopoulos FA, Medrea C (2006) Preliminary examination of the fracture surfaces of an aluminium hot extrusion die, due to the premature failure. Key Eng Mater 367:177–184. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.367.17710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.367.177 ↗
2. Irgens I, Nolte D, Valberg H (2010) Use of a shadowing tongue to reduce elastic die deflections. Int J Mater Form 3(1):399–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0791-310.1007/s12289-010-0791-3 ↗
3. Reggiani B, Donati L, Tomesani L (2010) Evaluation of different FE simulation codes in the stress analysis of extrusion dies. Int J Mater Form 3(1):395–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0790-410.1007/s12289-010-0790-4 ↗
4. Reggiani B, Donati L, Tomesani L (2011) Creep deformation modeling of a tool steel with a tempered martensitic structure used for extrusion dies. AIP Conf Proc 1353:437–442. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955410.1063/1.3589554 ↗
5. Lechner S, Nitschke R, Muller S (2021) Numerical analysis of plastic die deformation during high temperature copper extrusion. ESAFORM 2021: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Material Forming MS03. https://doi.org/10.25518/ESAFORM21.478510.25518/ESAFORM21.4785 ↗
6. Donati L, Tomesani L, Shikorra M (2009) The effect of pocket shape in extrusion dies. Intl J Mater Form 2(S1):97–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0454-410.1007/s12289-009-0454-4 ↗
7. Donati L, Ben Khalifa N, Tomesani L, Tekkaya AE (2012) Effect of porthole design and welding chamber dimensions on material flow and weld deformability of extruded aluminium profiles. Key Eng Mater 504–506:523–528. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.52310.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.523 ↗
8. Negendank M, Taparli UA, Mueller S, Reimers W (2015) Microstructural characterization of indirectly extruded EN AW-6060 square tubes with axial variable wall thickness. Key Eng Mater 651–653:1585–1591. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651-653.158510.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651-653.1585 ↗
9. Negendank M, Sanabria V, Mueller S, Reimers W (2019) Extrusion of magnesium alloy hollow profiles with axial variable wall thickness. AIP Conference Proceedings 2113, 030002 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.511253010.1063/1.5112530 ↗
10. Biba N, Rezvykh R (1896) Kniazkin I (2017) Coupled modelling of aluminium profiles extrusion and product quality improvement by means of simulation. AIP Conf Proc 1:140010. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816610.1063/1.5008166 ↗
11. Holker R, Maase M, Ben Khalifa N, Tekkay AE (2014) Increased productivity in hot aluminum extrusion by using extrusion dies with inner cooling channels manufactured by rapid tooling. Key Eng Mat 611–612:981–988. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.98110.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.981 ↗
12. Pelaccia R, Negozio M, Donati L, Reggiani B, Tomesani L (2020) Efficiency of conformal cooling channels inserts for extrusion dies. Procedia Manuf 47:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.18110.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.181 ↗
13. Pelaccia R, Negozio M, Reggiani B, Donati L, Tomesani L (2021) Analysis and optimization of cooling channels performances for industrial extrusion dies. ESAFORM 2021: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Material Forming 3686:1–11. Liège, Belgique. https://doi.org/10.25518/ESAFORM21.368610.25518/ESAFORM21.3686 ↗
14. P.T. Moe, W. Wajda, S. Støren, M.Lefstad and R.Flatval (2005) An Experimental and Numerical Study of Induction Heating. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:577–580. ISBN 973–271175–2.
15. Jäger A, Heilmann M, Misiolek WZ, Schikorra M, Tekkaya AE (2009) Influence of cooling rate on distortion and microstructure in extrusion of Al-Mg-Si alloys. Int J Mater Form 2:81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0451-710.1007/s12289-009-0451-7 ↗
16. Bikass S, Andersson B, Pilipenko A (2010) Simulation of distortion due to non-uniform cooling in aluminium extrusion process. Int J Mater Form 3:813–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0894-x10.1007/s12289-010-0894-x ↗
17. Farjad Bastani A, Aukrust T, Brandal S (2010) Study of isothermal extrusion of aluminum using finite element simulations. Int J Mater Form 3:367–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0783-310.1007/s12289-010-0783-3 ↗
18. Neag A, Favier V, Bigot R, Canta T, Frunza D (2007) Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation During Backward Extrusion of a Semi-Solid Al-Si Hypoeutectic Alloy. AIP Conf Proc 907:620–628. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.272958210.1063/1.2729582 ↗
19. Knauf F, Baadjou R, Hirt G (2009) Analysis of semi-solid extrusion products made of steel alloy X210CrW12. Int J Mater Form 2(Suppl 1):733–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0426-810.1007/s12289-009-0426-8 ↗
20. R.E. Logé, M. minville, E. Cini, A. Le Floc’h and E. Felder (2005) Development of a laboratory hot extrusion apparatus for tribology and rheology parameters identification. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:569–572. ISBN 973–271175–2
21. Sanabria V, Mueller S, Gall S, Reimers W (2014) Investigation of friction boundary conditions during extrusion of aluminium and magnesium alloys. Key Eng Mater 611–612:997–1004. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.99710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.997 ↗
22. V. Sanabria, F. Gensch and S. Mueller (2020) Application of Friction Shear Test for Constitutive Modeling Evaluation of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at high Temperature. Procedia Manuf 47:237–244, ISSN 2351–9789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.20510.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.205 ↗
23. Donati L, Tomesani L (2005) 3D FEM analysis of seam welds formation in aluminum extrusion and product characterization. In the Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Material Forming, ESAFORM 2005, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 11:561–564. ISBN 973–271173–6; 973–271175–2; 973–271174–4.
24. Donati L, Tomesani L (2007) Effect of die design on strength and deformability of hollow extruded profiles. AIP Conf Proc 907:558. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.272957210.1063/1.2729572 ↗
25. Segatori A, Reggiani B, Donati L, Pinter T, Rami Y, Tomesani L (2012) Effect of process parameters on seam weld quality of ZM21 tubes. Key Eng Mater 504–506:487. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.48710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.487 ↗
26. Ghiotti A, Bruschi S, Dal Negro T (2005) An innovative experimental procedure to investigate seam welding in aluminium extruded profiles. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:553–556. ISBN 973–271175–2
27. Valberg H, Tony M, Kandis J (2011) Determining the weld quality in extrusion welding. AIP Conf Proc 1353:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955810.1063/1.3589558 ↗
28. Dariusz L, Pawel G (2020) Estimation of extrusion welding conditions for 6xxx aluminum alloys. Procedia Manuf 47:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.21310.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.213 ↗
29. Buffa G, Donati L, Fratini L, Tomesani L (2007) Solid state bonding mechanics in extrusion and FSW: experimental tests and numerical analyses. AIP Conf Proc 907:590. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.272957710.1063/1.2729577 ↗
30. Ceretti E, Mazzoni L, Guardini C (2009) Simulation of metal flow and welding prediction in porthole die extrusion: the influence of the geometrical parameters. Int J Mater Form 2:101–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0494-910.1007/s12289-009-0494-9 ↗
31. Khan YA, Valberg H, Irgens I (2009) Joining of metal streams in extrusion welding. Int J Mater Form 2:109–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0516-710.1007/s12289-009-0516-7 ↗
32. Khan YA, Valberg H, Irgens I (2010) Deformation conditions in the extrusion weld zone when using pointed and square ended bridge. Int J Mater Form 3(1):379–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0786-010.1007/s12289-010-0786-0 ↗
33. Valberg H, Khan YA (2012) On the fundamental mechanism of seam welding in extrusion of aluminum alloys. Key Eng Mater 504–506. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.52910.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.529 ↗
34. Khan YA, Valberg H (2010) Metal flow in idealised a-symmetric 2D extrusion welding. Int J Mater Form 3(1):383–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0787-z10.1007/s12289-010-0787-z ↗
35. Schwane M, Kloppenborg T, Reeb A, Ben Khalifa N (2012) Numerical approach for the evaluation of seam welding criteria in extrusion processes. Key Eng Mater 504–506:517. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.51710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.517 ↗
36. Schwane M, Gagliardi F, Jager A, Ben Khalifa N, Tekkaya AE (2013) Modelling approach for the determination of material flow and welding conditions in porthole die extrusion with gas pocket formation. Key Eng Mater 554–337:787–793. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.554-557.78710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.554-557.787 ↗
37. Gagliardi F, Ciancio C, Ambrogio G, Filice L (1896) (2017) Optimization of porthole die geometrical variables by Taguchi Method. AIP Conf Proc 1:140005. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816110.1063/1.5008161 ↗
38. Valberg HS, Lefstad M, de Moraes Costa AL (2020) On the mechanism of formation of back-end-defects in the extrusion process. Procedia Manuf 47:245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.20710.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.207 ↗
39. Negozio M, Pelaccia R, Donati L, Reggiani B, Tomesani L, Pinter T (2020) FEM Validation of front end and back end defects evolution in AA6063 and AA 6082 aluminum alloys profiles. Procedia Manuf 47:202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.17810.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.178 ↗
40. Gall S, Mueller S, Reimers W (2010) Magnesium sheet production by using the extrusion process. Int J Mater Form 3(S1):371–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0784-210.1007/s12289-010-0784-2 ↗
41. Gall S, Mueller S, Reimers W (2013) Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium AZ31 sheets produced by extrusion. Int J Mater Form 6:187–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-011-1069-010.1007/s12289-011-1069-0 ↗
42. Ge Q, Vedani M (2011) Formability of Wrought Magnesium Alloys by Hot Compression Testing and Laboratory-Scale Extrusion. AIP Conf Proc 1353:413–418. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955010.1063/1.3589550 ↗
43. Jaehnke M, Gensch F, Mueller S (2018) Modification of the anisotropy and strength differential effect of extruded AZ31 by extrusion-shear. AIP Conf Proc 1960:030008-1–103008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503485110.1063/1.5034851 ↗
44. Tomovic-Petrovic S, Østhus R, Jensrud O (2019) Extrusion of the magnesium-nickel alloys. AIP Conf Proc 2113:030005-1-030005–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.511253310.1063/1.5112533 ↗
45. Flitta I, Sheppard T, Peng Z (2006) Effects of evolution of structure during and subsequent to extrusion. In: The 9th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2006 1:479–482. ISBN 83–89541–66–1
46. Krumphals F, Flitta I, Mitsche S, Wlanis T, Jahn A, Sommitsch C (2008) Comparison of experimental and Finite Element Modelling of the extrusion of AA6082 on both tools and extrudate as a function of process parameters. Int J Mater Form 1:427–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0086-010.1007/s12289-008-0086-0 ↗
47. Parvizian F, Kayser T, Klusemann B, Svendsen B (2010) Modelling and simulation of dynamic microstructure evolution of aluminium alloys during thermomechanically coupled extrusion process. Int J Mater Form 3:363–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0782-410.1007/s12289-010-0782-4 ↗
48. Segatori A, Foydl A, Donati L, Ben Khalifa N, Brosius A, Tomesani L, Tekkaya AE (2011) Investigation And Prediction of Grain Texture Evolution in AA6082. AIP Conf Proc 1353:449–454. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955610.1063/1.3589556 ↗
49. Sanabria V, Mueller S (2017) Influence of Temperature and Sliding Speed on the Subsurface Microstructure Evolution of EN AW-6060 under Sticking Friction Conditions. AIP Conf Proc 1896:140012-1–10012. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816810.1063/1.5008168 ↗
50. Koopman AJ, Geijselaers HJM, Eii NK et al (2008) Numerical flow front tracking for aluminium extrusion of a tube and a comparison with experiments. Int J Mater Form 1:423–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0085-110.1007/s12289-008-0085-1 ↗
51. Alfaro I, Gagliardi F, Jii O et al (2009) Simulation of the extrusion of hollow profiles by natural element methods. Int J Mater Form 2:597–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0614-610.1007/s12289-009-0614-6 ↗
52. Abrinia K, Makaremi M (2007) An upper bound solution for the spread extrusion of elliptical sections. AIP Conf Proc 907:614–619. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.272958110.1063/1.2729581 ↗
53. Assaad W, Geijselaers HJM, Huétink J (2009) Boundary conditions applied on bearing corner in direct aluminum extrusion. Int J Mater Form 2:77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0449-110.1007/s12289-009-0449-1 ↗
54. Ertürk S, Steglich D, Bohlen J, Letzig D, Brocks W (2008) Modelling and Simulation of Extrusion of Magnesium Alloys. Int J Mater Form 1:419–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0084-210.1007/s12289-008-0084-2 ↗
55. Ertürk S, Steglich D, Bohlen J, Letzig D, Brocks W (2009) THERMO-MECHANICAL MODELLING OF INDIRECT EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOYS. Int J Mater Form 2:49–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0436-610.1007/s12289-009-0436-6 ↗
56. Donati L, Khalifa NB, Tomesani L, Tekkaya AE (2010) Comparison of different FEM code approaches in the simulation of the die deflection during aluminium extrusion. Int J Mater Form 3:375–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0785-110.1007/s12289-010-0785-1 ↗
57. Biba N, Lishny A, Stebunov S (2011) Finite Element Modelling of Complex Thin Profile Extrusion. AIP Conf Proc 1353:425–430. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955210.1063/1.3589552 ↗
58. Biba N, Stebunov S, Lishny A (2012) The Model for Coupled Simulation of Thin Profile Extrusion. Key Eng Mater 504–506:505–510. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.50510.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.505 ↗
59. Kronsteiner J, Horwatitsch D (1896) Zeman K (2017) Comparison of updated Lagrangian FEM with arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method for 3D thermo-mechanical extrusion of a tube profile. AIP Conf Proc 140006:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816210.1063/1.5008162 ↗
60. Caseiro JF, Valente RAF, Aii A-C et al (2010) On an Innovative Optimization Approach for the Design of Cross-section Profiles of Integrally Stiffened Panels Subjected to Elasto-plastic Buckling Deformation Modes. Int J Mater Form 3:49–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0704-510.1007/s12289-010-0704-5 ↗
61. Siegbert R, Elgeti S, Behr M, Kurth K, Windeck C, Hopmann C (2013) Design Criteria in Numerical Design of Profile Extrusion Dies. Key Eng Mater 554–557:794–800. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.79410.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.794 ↗
62. Donati L, El Mehtedi M (2011) Characterization Of Flow Stress Of Different AA6082 Alloys By Means Of Hot Torsion Test. AIP Conf Proc 1353:455–460. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955710.1063/1.3589557 ↗
63. Bruni C, El Mehtedi M (2012) Constitutive Equations for Finite Element Simulation. Key Eng Mater 504–506:499–504. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.49910.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.499 ↗
64. Valberg H, Misiolek W (2006) Plastic deformation in hot extrusion of an aluminum alloy characterised by FEM-analysis with experiment. In: The 9th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2006 1:587–590. ISBN 83–89541–66–1
65. Valberg H (2010) Comparison of metal flow in un-lubricated direct and indirect extrusion of aluminium alloys. Int J Mater Form 3:387–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0788-y10.1007/s12289-010-0788-y ↗
66. Valberg H, Khorasani ST, Nolte D (2015) Comparison of the Thermo-Mechanical Conditions in an Industrial Sized Hot Aluminium Extrusion Process in Relation to those in Corresponding Small Sized Laboratory Processes. Key Eng Mater 651–653:1577–1584. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651-653.157710.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.651-653.1577 ↗
67. Valberg H, Costa ALM (2017) Shear zone formation within the billet and metal flow through the die orifice in unlubricated axisymmetric forward and backward extrusion. AIP Conf Proc 1896(1):140004–1–140004–7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816010.1063/1.5008160 ↗
68. Hansson S (2006) A three-dimensional finite element simulation of stainless steel tube extrusion using a physically based material model. In: The 9th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2006 1:475–478. ISBN 83–89541–66–1
69. Koopman AJ, Geijselaers H, Huetink J, Nilsen K, Koenis P (2007) A SUPG approach for determining frontlines in aluminium extrusion simulations and a comparison with experiments. AIP Conf Proc 907(1):602–607. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.272957910.1063/1.2729579 ↗
70. Manninen T, Ramsay P, Korhonen AS (2005) Flash Formation in Conform Extrusion. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:557–560. ISBN 973–271175–2
71. Wajda W, Moe PT, Støren S, Lefstad M, Flatval R (2005) Measurement of Temperature and Pressure During Thin-Strip Extrusion. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:545–548. ISBN 973–271175–2.
72. Barton G, Kopp R (2005) Finite-Element Modeling of Hydrostatic Extrusion of Magnesium. In: The 8th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2005 2:573–576. ISBN 973–271175–2
73. Pathak K, Pagey V, Sethi V (2009) Process and die design for rod extrusion of γ iron. Int J Mater Form 2:191–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0403-210.1007/s12289-009-0403-2 ↗
74. Valberg H (2010) Understanding material flow in aluminium extrusion by means of emptying diagrams. Int J Mater Form 3(S1):391–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0789-x10.1007/s12289-010-0789-x ↗
75. Khan YA, Valberg H (2011) Studies of Porthole Extrusion through Die with Different Sizes of Portholes. AIP Conf Proc 1353:473–478. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358956010.1063/1.3589560 ↗
76. Kandis J, Valberg H (2012) Metal Flow in Two-Hole Extrusion of Al-Alloys Studied by FEA with Experiments. Key Eng Mater 504–506:493–498. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.49310.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.504-506.493 ↗
77. Khorasani ST, Valberg H (2013) Velocity Field in Direct, Indirect and Friction Assisted Extrusion of Al. Key Eng Mater 554–557:776–786. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.554-557.77610.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.554-557.776 ↗
78. Khorasani ST, Valberg H (2013) On the velocity and the strain rate field in unlubricated direct and indirect axialsymmetric extrusion of Al. Key Eng Mater 611–612:1013–1020. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611.612.101310.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611.612.1013 ↗
79. Valberg H, Nolte D, Yawar K (2014) Metal Flow Conditions in Porthole Channels of Different Size. Key Eng Mater 611–612:1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.100510.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.611-612.1005 ↗
80. Kronsteiner J, Horwatitsch D, Hinterer A, Gusenbauer C, Zeman K (2016). Experimental determination of plastic strain in the extrusion process. 1769:140001–1–140001–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963538.10.1063/1.4963538 ↗
81. Chen K, Qu Y, Ding S, Liu C, Yang F (2018) Study on Numerical Simulation of Asymmetric Structure Aluminum Profile Extrusion Based on ALE Method. AIP Conf Proc 1960:030002-1-030002–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503484510.1063/1.5034845 ↗
82. Gaillac A, Jy C (2018) Optimized manufacture of nuclear fuel cladding tubes by FEA of hot extrusion and cold pilgering processes. AIP Conf Proc 1960:030005-1-030005–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503484810.1063/1.5034848 ↗
83. Valberg H, Costa ALM (2018) Metal Flow and Temperature in Direct Extrusion of Large-Size Aluminum Billets. AIP Conf Proc 1960:030011-1-030011–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503485410.1063/1.5034854 ↗
84. Valberg H, Lefstad M, Costa ALM (2019) The hot spot in Al-rod extrusion investigated by FEM-analysis. AIP Conf Proc 2113:030006-1-030006–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.511253410.1063/1.5112534 ↗
85. Habans D, Olier P, Sornin D, Montmitonnet P, Mocellin K (2021) Numerical assessment of large hexagonal seamless steel tube extrusion feasibility. In: The 24th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2021. https://doi.org/10.25518/ESAFORM21.3605.10.25518/ESAFORM21.3605 ↗
86. Chen H, Giannopoulou D, Tii G et al (2021) Homogenization of the interfacial bonding of compound-cast AA7075/6060 bilayer billets by co-extrusion. Int J Mater Form 14:1109–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-021-01626-810.1007/s12289-021-01626-8 ↗
87. Negendank M, Weber C, Mueller S, Reimers W (2013) Coextrusion and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminum Coated Mg-Profiles. Key Eng Mater 554–557:767–775. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.76710.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.767 ↗
88. Sliwa R E (2006) Plastic flow of layered composite material in the extrusion process using different die geometry. In The 9th International Conference on Material Forming ESAFORM 2006, Glasgow, pp 495–498. ISBN 83–89541–66–1
89. Negendank M, Faezi H R, Ovsianytskyi O et alii (2021) Extrusion and characterization of aluminum/graphene composites. ESAFORM 2021: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Material Forming 3714:1–9. https://doi.org/10.25518/ESAFORM21.371410.25518/ESAFORM21.3714 ↗
90. Thürer SE, Uhe J (1896) Golovko O et alii (2017) Co-extrusion of semi-finished aluminium-steel compounds. AIP Conf Proc 140002:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500815810.1063/1.5008158 ↗
91. Behrens BA, Klose C, Chugreev A (1960) Thürer S E et alii (2018) Numerical investigations on the lateral angular co-extrusion of aluminium and steel. AIP Conf Proc 030001:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503484410.1063/1.5034844 ↗
92. Behrens B, Uhe J, Thürer SE, Klose C, Heimes N (2020) Development of a Modified Tool System for Lateral Angular Co-Extrusion to Improve the Quality of Hybrid Profiles. Procedia Manuf 47:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.20010.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.200 ↗
93. Foydl A, Haase M, Ben Khalifa N, Tekkaya AE (2011) Co-extrusion of Discontinuously, Non-centric Steel-reinforced Aluminum. AIP Conf Proc 1353:443–448. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.358955510.1063/1.3589555 ↗
94. Foydl A, Pfeiffer I, Mii K et al (2012) Manufacturing of Steel-Reinforced Aluminum Products by Combining Hot Extrusion and Closed-Die Forging. Key Eng Mater 504–506:481–486. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.48110.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.481 ↗
95. Pietzka D, Ben Khalifa N, Gerke S, Tekkaya AE (2013) Composite Extrusion of Thin Aluminum Profiles with High Reinforcing Volume. Key Eng Mater 554–557:801–808. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.80110.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.801 ↗
96. Güley V, Ben Khalifa N, Tekkaya AE (2010) Direct recycling of 1050 aluminum alloy scrap material mixed with 6060 aluminum alloy chips by hot extrusion. Int J Mater Form 3:853–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0904-z10.1007/s12289-010-0904-z ↗
97. Paraskevas D, Kellens K, Deng Y, Dewulf W, Kampen C (1896) Duflou J R (2017) Solid state recycling of aluminium alloys via a porthole die hot extrusion process: Scaling up to production. AIP Conf Proc 140008:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.500816410.1063/1.5008164 ↗
98. Paraskevas D, Kellens K, Kampen C, Mohammadi A (1960) Duflou J R (2018) Complex deformation routes for direct recycling aluminium alloy scrap via industrial hot extrusion. AIP Conf Proc 030009:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503485210.1063/1.5034852 ↗
99. Buffa G, Campanella D, Fratini L, Micari F (2016) AZ31 magnesium alloy recycling through friction stir extrusion process. Int J Mater Form 9:613–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-015-1247-610.1007/s12289-015-1247-6 ↗
100. El Mehtedi M, Forcellese A, Simoncini M (1960) Spigarelli S (2018) A sustainable solid state recycling of pure aluminum by means of Friction Stir Extrusion process (FSE). AIP Conf Proc 030004:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.503484710.1063/1.5034847 ↗