Energy dissipation at rubbing crack faces in rolling contact fatigue as the mechanism of white etching area formation
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Subsurface cracks decorated with white etching areas are one of the failure marks in bearings subjected to rolling contact fatigue. In the literature, multiple mechanisms were proposed to explain this phenomenon, one of which stated that the white etching matter formed around a subsurface crack is a symptom of crack faces rubbing which leads to local changes in the material microstructure. The current work presents a theoretical study on white etching area formation by the modelling of frictional interaction at crack faces in mode-II, caused by cyclic shearing and compression – the conditions typical for rolling contact. Based on energy considerations, the feasibility of white etching area formation along subsurface cracks in bearings is theoretically investigated.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical stress and fatigue analysis · Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis · Railway Engineering and Dynamics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (58)
Show source-provided references
1. White structure flaking (WSF) in wind turbine gearbox bearings: effects of ‘butterflies’ and white etching cracks (WECs)10.1179/026708311X13135950699254 ↗
2. Investigations of bearing failures associated with White Etching Areas (WEAs) in wind turbine gearboxes10.1080/10402004.2013.823531 ↗
3. Stadler K, Stubenrauch A. Premature bearing failures in wind gearboxes and white etching cracks (WEC),” Evolution – SKF Business and Technology Magazine; 2013. Available via internet: .
4. TEM study on the surface white layer in two turned hardened steels
5. Surface modification corrugation and nanostructure formation of high speed railway tracks10.1016/S0965-9773(97)00162-1 ↗
6. Olver AV. The mechanism of rolling contact fatigue: an update. In: Proc. IMechE, 219, Part J, J. Eng. Trib.; 2005. p. 313–31.10.1243/135065005X9808 ↗
7. Fatigue strength of ball bearing races and heat-treated 52100 steel specimens
8. Shibata M, Gotoh M, Oguma N, Mikami T, Proc. of the Int. Tribology Conf., JAST, Tokyo; 1995. p. 1351.
9. TEM/SEM investigation of microstructural changes within the white area under rolling contact fatigue and 3-D crack reconstruction by focused ion beam10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.06.024 ↗
10. Microstructural changes and crack initiation with white etching area formation under rolling/sliding contact in bearing steel10.2355/isijinternational.45.1897 ↗
11. Sub-Surface initiated rolling contact fatigue-influence of non-metallic inclusions, processing history, and operating conditions10.1520/JAI102559 ↗
12. A finite element study of short cracks with different Inclusions types under rolling contact fatigue load10.1016/S0142-1123(96)00045-X ↗
13. Modeling of hydrogen transport in static and rolling contact10.1080/10402004.2014.968698 ↗
14. Johnson · 1985
15. The fatigue limit of bearing steels – part I: a pragmatic approach to predict very high cycle fatigue strength10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.09.015 ↗
16. Sub-surface fatigue crack growth at alumina inclusions in AISI 52100 roller bearings10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.274 ↗
17. White etching crack root cause investigations10.1080/10402004.2014.942938 ↗
18. Grabulov · 2010
19. Ščepanskis · 2014
20. The role of hydrogen on rolling contact fatigue response of rolling element bearings10.1520/JAI102543 ↗
21. White-etching matter in bearing steels. Part I: controlled cracking of 52100 steel
22. White-etching matter in bearing steels. Part B: distinguishing cause and effect in bearing steel failure10.1007/s11661-014-2431-x ↗
23. The nature of the white-etching surface layers produced during reaming ultra-high strength steel10.1016/0025-5416(75)90010-5 ↗
24. Critical assessment 13: elimination of white etching matter in bearing steels10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000036 ↗
25. An experimental evaluation of crack face energy dissipation10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.01.009 ↗
26. Harris · 2007
27. Guetard · 2016
28. Fatigue crack path and threshold in Mode II and Mode III loadings10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.01.030 ↗
29. Frictional energy dissipation in contact of nominally flat rough surfaces under harmonically varying loads10.1016/j.jmps.2011.09.005 ↗
30. Fabrikant · 1989
31. The influence of residual stresses on rolling contact modeB driving force in bearing raceways10.1016/0043-1648(88)90106-8 ↗
32. The effect of thermal distortion on constriction resistance10.1016/0017-9310(71)90105-0 ↗
33. Seon G, Nikishkov Y, Makeev A. Structures perspective for strength and fatigue prognosis in composites, Structures and Mater. Sess. American Helicopter Society, 70th Annual Forum, May 20–22, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 2014.
34. A theory for polymorphic melting in binary solid solutions10.1557/jmr.2011.55 ↗
35. The Lindemann and Grüneisen laws10.1103/PhysRev.102.308 ↗
36. Thermodynamic parallels between solid-state amorphization and melting10.1557/JMR.1990.0286 ↗
37. Disorder-induced amorphization10.1016/S0022-3115(97)00257-2 ↗
38. Effect of elastic distortion on solid-state amorphization at grain boundaries and dislocations10.1088/0022-3727/32/22/301 ↗
39. Friction – the present state of our understanding10.1115/1.3251622 ↗
40. Hirth · 1968
41. Diagrams of formation enthalpies of amorphous alloys in comparison with the crystalline solid solution10.1016/0022-5088(88)90390-6 ↗
42. The isotropic shear modulus of multicomponent Fe-base solid solutions10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00096-4 ↗
43. A theory of work-hardening of metal crystals10.1080/14786441108521024 ↗
44. Microstructural evolution in modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic/martensitic steel irradiated with mixed high-energy proton and neutron spectra at low temperatures10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01198-4 ↗
45. Influence of alloy additions on production and properties of bulk cementite10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01016-8 ↗
46. Cyclic slip irreversibilities and the evolution of fatigue damage10.1007/s11663-009-9240-4 ↗
47. Application of minimum energy formalism in a multiple slip band model for fatigue-I. Calculation of slip band spacings10.1016/0956-7151(91)90078-F ↗
48. Application of minimum energy formalism in a multiple slip band model for fatigue-II. Crack nucleation and derivation of a generalized Coffin-Manson law10.1016/0956-7151(91)90079-G ↗
49. Effect of atmospheric pressure on friction and wear of 0.45% C steel in fretting10.1016/0043-1648(83)90074-1 ↗
50. Application of experimental results to numerical models of fatigue cracks propagating in the rolling contact zone
51. A Quantum-mechanically informed continuum model of hydrogen embrittlement10.1016/j.jmps.2004.02.010 ↗
52. Metallographic observations of ball bearings fatigue phenomena
53. Voskamp AP. Microstructural changes during rolling contact fatigue, PhD Thesis; 1997.
54. Microstructural alternations of rolling bearing steel undergoing cyclic stressing10.1115/1.3645902 ↗
55. A dislocation model for fatigue crack initiation10.1115/1.3157599 ↗
56. Micropitting in rolling and sliding contact under mixed lubrication10.1115/1.3261984 ↗
57. Micromechanics modeling of crack initiation under contact fatigue10.1115/1.2927042 ↗
58. Microstructural changes around non-metallic inclusions caused by rolling-contact fatigue of ball-bearings steels