Using a penalty term to deal with spurious oscillations in second gradient finite elements

It is well known that it is necessary to introduce a length scale parameter in a continuum damage mechanics model to correctly simulate strain localization. The second gradient model, a special case of kinematically enriched continua, considers an internal length parameter by taking into account the second-order derivatives of the displacements in the virtual power principle. In this paper, we show that the original second gradient finite element of Chambon and co-workers can present spurious oscillations, especially for mode I crack propagation problems. After providing the plane stress second gradient constitutive law, we propose to add a penalty term in the original formulation in order to improve numerical convergence and to avoid spurious oscillations in the local variables distributions. Two numerical examples using classical damage mechanics laws, a three-point reinforced concrete beam and a trapezoidal notched specimen are used to test the performance of the formulation. Parametrical studies are also shown on the influence of the penalty parameter. The problem of unrealistic damage spreading for damage values close to 1, occurring often in mode I crack propagation problems, is finally discussed.