RETRACTED: Modeling Impact Energy of Functionally Graded Steels in Crack Divider Configuration Using Modified Stress–Strain Curve Data

Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels produced by elec- troslag remelting composed of graded ferritic and austenitic layers together with bainite or martensite intermediate layer in crack divider configuration has been modeled. From loaddisplacement curves acquired from instrumented Charpy impact test for original ferritic and original austenitic steels together with single- phase bainitic and martensitic specimens, the obtained stressstrain curves from uniaxial tensile tests were modified. Afterward, Charpy impact energy of each con- stituent layer was assumed to be proportional to the area under modified stressstrain curve and Charpy impact energy of the functionally graded composites was determined analytically through the rule of mixtures. A good agreement between experimental results and the results obtained from analytical model was observed.