An Experimental Approach to Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Material Modeling Parameters Under Cyclic and Biaxial Loadings
Source abstract
Abstract
This study examines the mechanical behavior of structural lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) through uniaxial, cyclic, and biaxial compressive testing on cubic specimens at the macro level. The research focuses on mapping the biaxial failure stress envelope in the compression–compression domain and calibrating the Kupfer and Gerstle biaxial failure criterion specifically for LWAC, enabling its application in numerical simulations. A quadratic failure model is also proposed to predict LWAC's biaxial failure stress envelope. In addition, uniaxial cyclic compression tests were performed, allowing the determination of the cyclic stress–strain relationship and the calculation of the elastic damage index for LWAC under repeated loading. Tests on cylindrical and prismatic specimens further explored how increased uniaxial compressive strength influences key mechanical properties, such as the elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and axial stress–strain response. The biaxial tests revealed that LWAC has a biaxial compressive strength that is, on average, 21% greater than its unconfined uniaxial compressive strength at a stress ratio of 0.51 ( $$\alpha = 0.51$$ ). The uniaxial cyclic tests show that LWAC experiences less post-peak damage compared to normal-weight aggregate concrete (NWAC), with the residual strength-to-peak stress ratio ( $${\sigma }res/{\sigma }peak$$ ) being 1.85 times greater in LWAC than in NWAC.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials · Concrete and Cement Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (59)
Show source-provided references
1. ACI 318-19. (2019). Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary. American Concrete Institute. USA.
2. ACI Committee 363. (2010). Report on High-Strength Concrete (ACI 363R-10). American Concrete Institute. USA.
3. Ahmad, S. H., & Shah, S. P. (1985). Structural properties of high strength concrete and its implications for precast prestressed concrete. PCI Journal, 30(6), 92–119. https://doi.org/10.14359/1045410.14359/10454 ↗
4. AS 3600. Concrete Structures. (2009). 212 pp. Sydney: Standards Australia.
5. Ashrafi, E., & Farzam, M. (2021). Experimental investigation on the triaxial behavior of lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 312, 125348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.12534810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125348 ↗
6. ASTM C469/C469M. (2014). Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression. ASTM International. www.astm.org. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0469_C0469M-1410.1520/C0469_C0469M-14 ↗
7. ASTM C496/C496M. (2017). Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International. www.astm.org. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0496_C0496M-1710.1520/C0496_C0496M-17 ↗
8. ASTM C78/C78M. (2018). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading). ASTM International. www.astm.org. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0078_C0078M-1810.1520/C0078_C0078M-18 ↗
9. ASTM C39/C39M. (2024). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International. www.astm.org. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039_C0039M-2410.1520/C0039_C0039M-24 ↗
10. Atan, Y., & Slate, F. O. (1973). Structural lightweight concrete under biaxial compression. Journal Proceedings, 70(3), 182–186.
11. Bogas, J. A., & Gomes, A. (2013). Compressive behavior and failure modes of structural lightweight aggregate concrete–Characterization and strength prediction. Materials & Design (1980–2015), 46, 832–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.00410.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.004 ↗
12. Canadian Standard Association. CSA Standard A23. 3–14. Design of Concrete Structures. (2014). Ottawa, Canada.
13. Chen, E., & Leung, C. K. (2014). Effect of uniaxial strength and fracture parameters of concrete on its biaxial compressive strength. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(6), 06014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000091910.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000919 ↗
14. Chen, J. Y., Zhang, Z. X., Dong, H. W., & Zhu, J. (2011). Experimental study on dynamic damage evolution of concrete under multi-axial stresses. Engineering Failure Analysis, 18(7), 1784–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.04.00610.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.04.006 ↗
15. Cui, H. Z., Lo, T. Y., Memon, S. A., Xing, F., & Shi, X. (2012b). Analytical model for compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.03410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.034 ↗
16. Cui, H. Z., Lo, T. Y., Memon, S. A., Xing, F., & Shi, X. (2012c). Experimental investigation and development of analytical model for pre-peak stress–strain curve of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 845–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.04110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.041 ↗
17. Cui, H. Z., Lo, T. Y., Memon, S. A., & Xu, W. (2012a). Effect of lightweight aggregates on the mechanical properties and brittleness of lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.05310.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.053 ↗
18. Dabbagh, H., Babamoradi, K., & Amoorezaei, K. (2021). Stress-strain relationship for nanosilica-incorporated lightweight aggregate concrete under compressive monotonic and cyclic loading. AUT Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(1), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.22060/ajce.2020.17870.565110.22060/ajce.2020.17870.5651 ↗
19. Dadmand, B., Sadaghian, H., Khalilzadehtabrizi, S., Pourbaba, M., & Mirmiran, A. (2023b). Exploring the mechanical properties of steel-and polypropylene-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete through numerical analyses and experimental multi-target digital image correlation. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 17(8), 1228–1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-023-0931-810.1007/s11709-023-0931-8 ↗
20. Dadmand, B., Sadaghian, H., Khalilzadehtabrizi, S., Pourbaba, M., Shirdel, M., & Mirmiran, A. (2023a). Studying the compressive, tensile and flexural properties of binary and ternary fiber-reinforced UHPC using experimental, numerical and multi-target digital image correlation methods. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e0186510.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01865 ↗
21. Dong, W., Wu, Z., Zhou, X., & Huang, H. (2016). Experimental study of equal biaxial-to-uniaxial compressive strength ratio of concrete at early ages. Construction and Building Materials, 126, 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.04010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.040 ↗
22. Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures-part 1–1: general rules and rules for buildings. (2005). British Standard Institution, London. 668:659–68.
23. CEB-FIB-Federation Internationale du Beton. (2013). Fib model code for concrete structures 2010. John Wiley & Sons.
24. Foltz, R. R., Lee, D. H., & LaFave, J. M. (2017). Biaxial behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite plates. Construction and Building Materials, 143, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.16710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.167 ↗
25. Fořt, J., Afolayan, A., Medveď, I., Scheinherrová, L., & Černý, R. (2024). A review of the role of lightweight aggregates in the development of mechanical strength of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.10931210.1016/j.jobe.2024.109312 ↗
26. Golpasand, G. B., Farzam, M., & Shishvan, S. S. (2020). Behavior of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete under uniaxial cyclic compression and biaxial tests. Construction and Building Materials, 263, 120664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12066410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120664 ↗
27. Guo, Z. H. (2004). Strength and constitutive relation of concrete: Principle and application (pp. 42–43). China Architecture and Building Press.
28. Hamidian, M. R., & Shafigh, P. (2021). Post-peak behaviour of composite column using a ductile lightweight aggregate concrete. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-020-00453-610.1186/s40069-020-00453-6 ↗
29. Hampel, T., Speck, K., Scheerer, S., Ritter, R., & Curbach, M. (2009). High-performance concrete under biaxial and triaxial loads. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 135(11), 1274–1280. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2009)135:11(1274)10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2009)135:11(1274) ↗
30. He, Z. J., & Zhang, J. X. (2014). Strength characteristics and failure criterion of plain recycled aggregate concrete under triaxial stress states. Construction and Building Materials, 54, 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.07510.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.075 ↗
31. Hussein, A., & Marzouk, H. (2000). Behavior of high-strength concrete under biaxial stresses. ACI Materials Journal, 97(1), 27–36.
32. Ibrahim, M., Ahmad, A., Barry, M. S., Alhems, L. M., & Mohamed Suhoothi, A. C. (2020). Durability of structural lightweight concrete containing expanded perlite aggregate. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 14, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-020-00425-w10.1186/s40069-020-00425-w ↗
33. Jo, B. W., Park, S. K., & Park, J. B. (2007). Properties of concrete made with alkali-activated fly ash lightweight aggregate (AFLA). Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.09.00410.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.09.004 ↗
34. Kumar, P., Dinakar, P., & Saravanan, T. J. (2024). Development and mechanical performance of self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete using sintered fly ash aggregates. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 36(7), 04024174. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-178310.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-1783 ↗
35. Kupfer, H. B., & Gerstle, K. H. (1973). Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 99(4), 853–866. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.000178910.1061/JMCEA3.0001789 ↗
36. Kupfer, H., Hilsdorf, H. K., & Rusch, H. (1969). Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses. Journal Proceedings, 66(8), 656–666.
37. Lee, H. J., Kim, S., Kim, H. Y., Mun, J. H., & Yang, K. H. (2022). Empirical equation for mechanical properties of lightweight concrete developed using bottom ash aggregates. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-022-00514-y10.1186/s40069-022-00514-y ↗
38. Li, B., Xu, L., Chi, Y., Huang, B., & Li, C. (2017). Experimental investigation on the stress-strain behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete subjected to uniaxial cyclic compression. Construction and Building Materials, 140, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.09410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.094 ↗
39. Liew, K. M., & Akbar, A. (2020). The recent progress of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 232, 117232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.11723210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117232 ↗
40. Li-Kun, Q. (2003). Study on the strength and deformation of concrete under multiaxial stress after high-temperature of freeze-thaw cycling. Dalian University of Technology.
41. Liu, H. Y., & Song, Y. P. (2010). Experimental study of lightweight aggregate concrete under multiaxial stresses. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, 11(8), 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A090061910.1631/jzus.A0900619 ↗
42. Lo, T. Y., Tang, W. C., & Cui, H. Z. (2007). The effects of aggregate properties on lightweight concrete. Building and Environment, 42(8), 3025–3029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.06.03110.1016/j.buildenv.2005.06.031 ↗
43. Slate, F. O., Nilson, A. H., & Martinez, S. (1986). Mechanical properties of high-strength lightweight concrete. Journal Proceedings, 83(4), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.14359/1045410.14359/10454 ↗
44. Niwa, Y., Koyanagi, W., & Kobayashi, S. (1967). Failure criterion of lightweight concrete subjected to triaxial compression. Transactions of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1967(143), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej1949.1967.143_2810.2208/jscej1949.1967.143_28 ↗
45. Pourbaba, M., Asefi, E., Sadaghian, H., & Mirmiran, A. (2018). Effect of age on the compressive strength of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 175, 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.20310.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.203 ↗
46. Quang, K. M., Dang, V. P., Han, S. W., Shin, M., & Lee, K. (2016). Behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composite columns subjected to horizontal biaxial and axial loads. Construction and Building Materials, 106, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.08710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.087 ↗
47. Ren, X., Yang, W., Zhou, Y., & Li, J. (2008). Behavior of high-performance concrete under uniaxial and biaxial loading. ACI Materials Journal, 105(6), 548.
48. Ren, Y., Yu, Z., Huang, Q., & Ren, Z. (2018). Constitutive model and failure criterions for lightweight aggregate concrete: A true triaxial experimental test. Construction and Building Materials, 171, 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.21910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.219 ↗
49. Shang HS. (2006). Experimental study on strength of air-entrained concrete under multiaxial loads after freeze-thaw cycles. Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Dalian University of Technology.
50. Shang, H. S., & Ji, G. J. (2014). Mechanical behaviour of different types of concrete under multiaxial compression. Magazine of Concrete Research, 66(17), 870–876. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.0000610.1680/macr.14.00006 ↗
51. Shiming, S., & Yupu, S. (2013). Dynamic biaxial tensile–compressive strength and failure criterion of plain concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.01210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.012 ↗
52. Taylor, M. A., Jain, A. K., & Ramey, M. R. (1972). Path dependent biaxial compressive testing of an all-lightweight aggregate concrete. Journal Proceedings, 69(12), 758–764.
53. Wang, H. L., Huang, X. H., & Xie, B. (2019). Strength and deformation properties of structural lightweight concrete under true tri-axial compression. Case Studies in Construction Materials., 11, e00269.10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00269 ↗
54. Wang, L. C., & Liu, H. Y. (2006). Strength and deformation characteristics of lightweight aggregate concrete under biaxial compressive stress after freeze-thaw cycling in seawater. Shuili Xuebao, 37(2), 189–194.
55. Xiao, S., & Li, H. (2011). Experimental study of biaxial compressive damage behaviour of concrete at different strain rates. Materials Research Innovations, 15, s266–s269. https://doi.org/10.1179/143307511X1285895767391410.1179/143307511X12858957673914 ↗
56. Yoo, D. Y., Zi, G., Kang, S. T., & Yoon, Y. S. (2015). Biaxial flexural behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete with different fiber lengths and placement methods. Cement and Concrete Composites, 63, 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.01110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.011 ↗
57. Yu, Z., Tang, R., Cao, P., Huang, Q., Xie, X., & Shi, F. (2019). Multi-axial test and failure criterion analysis on self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 215, 786–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.23610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.236 ↗
58. Zhang, M. H., & Gjorv, O. E. (1991). Characteristics of lightweight aggregates for high-strength concrete. Materials Journal, 88(2), 150–158.
59. Zhou, J., Pan, J., Leung, C. K., & Li, Z. (2014). Experimental study on mechanical behavior of high performance concrete under multi-axial compressive stress. Science China Technological Sciences., 57, 2514–2522.10.1007/s11431-014-5716-9 ↗