Assessment of Hydration Stages in the Property Development of Portland Blended Cement Systems Containing Limestone Powders
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, hydration stages were closely tracked in mixtures containing limestone (LS) powders to establish a correlation between microstructural parameters and performance properties. Despite the poor reactivity of LS powders, the setting duration of mixtures remained unchanged up to an LS dosage of 16%, after which a slowdown in setting time was observed. Hydrated compounds like hemicarboaluminate (H c ) were detected in pastes containing LS powders at both early and later curing periods, whereas compounds like monocarboaluminate (M c ) were only found in pastes containing LS powders at later curing periods. The Ca(OH) ₂ increased with an increase in the LS dosage, showing an accelerating effect at both 3 and 28 days; however, the amount of water in hydrated compounds [found in Region 4 (a) of the thermogravimetric analysis plot] was higher only at an LS dosage of 8%. Because of the development of H c and M c , which increased the calcium carbo aluminate hydrates, the 8% LS addition had a beneficial influence on compressive strength during all phases of hydration. The “dilution” effect and increased porosity in the matrices, however, prevented the later-age strength from improving at higher LS dosages. It is critical to note that there was a good correlation between strength and hydrate water (HW) content since the changes in the latter were reflected in corresponding changes in the former when the LS dosage was increased from 0 to 24%. The HW content appeared to display better trends than the non-evaporable water content in correlating with the strength behaviour.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Concrete Properties and Behavior · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (82)
Show source-provided references
1. Ahmad, I., Shen, D., Khan, K. A., Jan, A., Khubaib, M., Ahmad, T., & Nasir, H. (2022). Effectiveness of limestone powder in controlling the shrinkage behavior of cement based system: A review. SILICON. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00897-110.1007/s12633-020-00897-1 ↗
2. Alarcon-Ruiz, L., Platret, G., Massieu, E., & Ehrlacher, A. (2005). The use of thermal analysis in assessing the effect of temperature on a cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(3), 609–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.01510.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.015 ↗
3. Antoni, M., Rossen, J., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. (2012). Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(12), 1579–1589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.00610.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006 ↗
4. Arora, A., Sant, G., & Neithalath, N. (2016). Ternary blends containing slag and interground/blended limestone: Hydration, strength, and pore structure. Construction and Building Materials, 102, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.17910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.179 ↗
5. Association, P. C., & Portland Cement Association. (1997). Portland cement, concrete, and heat of hydration. Concrete Technology Today, 18(2), 1–4.
6. ASTM C1437. (2020). Standard test method for flow of hydraulic cement mortar. American Society for Testing and Material, 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1437-20.210.1520/C1437-20.2 ↗
7. ASTM C1702. (2017). Standard test method for measurement of heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials using isothermal conduction. American Society for Testing and Material, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1702-17.210.1520/C1702-17.2 ↗
8. ASTM C595. (2008). Standard specification for blended hydraulic cements. American Society for Testing and Material, (C595), 1–6.
9. Bameri, M., Rashidi, S., Mohammadhasani, M., Maghsoudi, M., Madani, H., & Rahmani, F. (2022). Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of eco-friendly concrete containing silica fume, waste glass powder, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/273039110.1155/2022/2730391 ↗
10. Bentz, D. P., Ardani, A., Barrett, T., Jones, S. Z., Lootens, D., Peltz, M. A., et al. (2015). Multi-scale investigation of the performance of limestone in concrete. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.04210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.042 ↗
11. Bhattacharya, M., & Harish, K. V. (2018). An integrated approach for studying the hydration of Portland cement systems containing silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 188, 1179–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.11410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.114 ↗
12. Bonavetti, V., Donza, H., Menéndez, G., Cabrera, O., & Irassar, E. F. (2003). Limestone filler cement in low w/c concrete: A rational use of energy. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(6), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01087-610.1016/S0008-8846(02)01087-6 ↗
13. Bonavetti, V. L., Rahhal, V. F., & Irassar, E. F. (2001). Studies on the carboaluminate formation in limestone filler-blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00491-410.1016/S0008-8846(01)00491-4 ↗
14. Bullard, J. W., Jennings, H. M., Livingston, R. A., Nonat, A., Scherer, G. W., Schweitzer, J. S., et al. (2011). Mechanisms of cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1208–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.01110.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.011 ↗
15. Cai, R., He, Z., Tang, S., Wu, T., & Chen, E. (2018). The early hydration of metakaolin blended cements by non-contact impedance measurement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 92(June), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.00110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.001 ↗
16. Chakrabarty, D., & Mahapatra, S. (1999). Aragonite crystals with unconventional morphologies. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 9(11), 2953–2957. https://doi.org/10.1039/a905407c10.1039/a905407c ↗
17. Chen, J. J., Kwan, A. K. H., & Jiang, Y. (2014). Adding limestone fines as cement paste replacement to reduce water permeability and sorptivity of concrete. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.06610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.066 ↗
18. De Weerdt, K., Haha, M. B., Le Saout, G., Kjellsen, K. O., Justnes, H., & Lothenbach, B. (2011a). Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(3), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.01410.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.014 ↗
19. De Weerdt, K., Kjellsen, K. O., Sellevold, E., & Justnes, H. (2011b). Synergy between fly ash and limestone powder in ternary cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.006 ↗
20. Deboucha, W., Leklou, N., Khelidj, A., & Oudjit, M. N. (2017). Hydration development of mineral additives blended cement using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): Methodology of calculating the degree of hydration. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.13210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.132 ↗
21. Dhir, R. K., Limbachiya, M. C., McCarthy, M. J., & Chaipanich, A. (2007). Evaluation of Portland limestone cements for use in concrete construction. Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9143-710.1617/s11527-006-9143-7 ↗
22. Du, Y., Yang, W., Ge, Y., Wang, S., & Liu, P. (2021). Thermal conductivity of cement paste containing waste glass powder, metakaolin and limestone filler as supplementary cementitious material. Journal of Cleaner Production, 287, Article 125018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.12501810.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125018 ↗
23. Elgalhud, A. A., Dhir, R. K., & Ghataora, G. (2016). Limestone addition effects on concrete porosity. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.006 ↗
24. EN 197-1: 2000. (1980). European Nations. European Standards, 603(1).
25. Flores-Velez, L. M., & Dominguez, O. (2002). Characterization and properties of portland cement composites incorporating zinc-iron oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101430413198710.1023/A:1014304131987 ↗
26. Gesoǧlu, M., Güneyisi, E., Kocabaǧ, M. E., Bayram, V., & Mermerdaş, K. (2012). Fresh and hardened characteristics of self compacting concretes made with combined use of marble powder, limestone filler, and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.09210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.092 ↗
27. Ghafoori, N., Spitek, R., & Najimi, M. (2016). Influence of limestone size and content on transport properties of self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.05110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.051 ↗
28. Ghrici, M., & Kenai, S. (2007). Mechanical properties and durability of mortar and concrete containing natural pozzolana and limestone blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 29, 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.00910.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.009 ↗
29. Gil, M. L. A., Luna, M., Zarzuela, R., & García-Moreno, M. V. (2020). Quantitative determination of the penetration of a silica-based consolidant in a limestone by FTIR spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2020.10310910.1016/j.vibspec.2020.103109 ↗
30. Grattan-Bellew, P. E. (1996). Microstructural investigation of deteriorated Portland cement concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 10(1 SPEC. ISS.), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00066-610.1016/0950-0618(95)00066-6 ↗
31. Han, Y. S., Hadiko, G., Fuji, M., & Takahashi, M. (2005). Effect of flow rate and CO2 content on the phase and morphology of CaCO3 prepared by bubbling method. Journal of Crystal Growth, 276(3–4), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.40810.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.408 ↗
32. Helal, M. A. (2002). Effect of curing time on the physico-mechanical characteristics of the hardened cement pastes containing limestone. Cement and Concrete Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00700-110.1016/S0008-8846(01)00700-1 ↗
33. Horgnies, M., Chen, J. J., & Bouillon, C. (2013). Overview about the use of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study cementitious materials. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 77, 251–262. https://doi.org/10.2495/MC13022110.2495/MC130221 ↗
34. Hosseini, S. A., & Eftekhari, N. (2022). Permeability of concrete containing limestone powder in marine curing conditions. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00720-w10.1007/s40996-021-00720-w ↗
35. Hughes, T. L., Methven, C. M., Jones, T. G. J., Pelham, S. E., Fletcher, P., & Hall, C. (1995). Determining cement composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Advanced Cement Based Materials, 2(3), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/1065-7355(94)00031-X10.1016/1065-7355(94)00031-X ↗
36. Ipavec, A., Gabrovšek, R., Vuk, T., Kaučič, V., MačEk, J., & Meden, A. (2011). Carboaluminate phases formation during the hydration of calcite-containing Portland cement. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 94(4), 1238–1242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04201.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04201.x ↗
37. IS 516. (2014). Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete, New Delhi,India.
38. IS 269. (2020). Ordinary Portland Cement Specification—. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Dehli, 2015(December 2015).
39. IS:383. (2016). Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete—Specification. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, Thiird Rev(January).
40. Kakali, G., Tsivilis, S., Aggeli, E., & Bati, M. (2000). Hydration products of C3A, C3S and Portland cement in the presence of CaCO3. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(7), 1073–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00292-110.1016/S0008-8846(00)00292-1 ↗
41. Khoury, G. A. (1992). Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: A reassessment. Magazine of Concrete Research, 44(161), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1992.44.161.29110.1680/macr.1992.44.161.291 ↗
42. Knop, Y., Peled, A., & Cohen, R. (2014). Influences of limestone particle size distributions and contents on blended cement properties. Construction and Building Materials, 71, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.00410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.004 ↗
43. Lam, L., Wong, Y. L., & Poon, C. S. (2000). Degree of hydration and gel/space ratio of high-volume fly ash/cement systems. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(5), 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00213-110.1016/S0008-8846(00)00213-1 ↗
44. Li, L. G., & Kwan, A. K. H. (2015). Adding limestone fines as cementitious paste replacement to improve tensile strength, stiffness and durability of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.006 ↗
45. Liu, J., Yu, Q., Zuo, Z., Yang, F., Han, Z., & Qin, Q. (2019). Reactivity and performance of dry granulation blast furnace slag cement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 95, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.00810.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.008 ↗
46. Liu, S. H., & Wang, L. (2014). Influence of limestone powder on hydration properties of complex binders. Materials Research Innovations, 18(sup2), S2-186-S2-190. https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891714Z.00000000062410.1179/1432891714Z.000000000624 ↗
47. Lollini, F., Redaelli, E., & Bertolini, L. (2014). Effects of portland cement replacement with limestone on the properties of hardened concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.01610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.016 ↗
48. Lothenbach, B., Le Saout, G., Gallucci, E., & Scrivener, K. (2008). Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements. Cement and Concrete Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.00210.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.002 ↗
49. Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., & Glasser, F. P. (2007). The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.01310.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.013 ↗
50. Meddah, M. S., Lmbachiya, M. C., & Dhir, R. K. (2014). Potential use of binary and composite limestone cements in concrete production. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.01210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.012 ↗
51. Mehta and Monteiro. (2006). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. McGraw-Hill (3rd Edition.).
52. Mollah, M. Y. A., Kesmez, M., & Cocke, D. L. (2004). An X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) investigation of the long-term effect on the solidification/ stabilization (S/S) of arsenic(V) in Portland cement type-V. Science of the Total Environment, 325(1–3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.01210.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.012 ↗
53. Moon, G. D., Oh, S., Jung, S. H., & Choi, Y. C. (2017). Effects of the fineness of limestone powder and cement on the hydration and strength development of PLC concrete. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.18910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.189 ↗
54. Nehdi, M., Mindess, S., & Aïtcin, P.-C. (1996). Optimization of high strength limestone filler cement mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(6), 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(96)00071-310.1016/0008-8846(96)00071-3 ↗
55. Neithalath, N., Persun, J., & Hossain, A. (2009). Hydration in high-performance cementitious systems containing vitreous calcium aluminosilicate or silica fume. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(6), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.03.00610.1016/j.cemconres.2009.03.006 ↗
56. Nguyen, H. A., Chang, T. P., Shih, J. Y., & Chen, C. T. (2019). Influence of low calcium fly ash on compressive strength and hydration product of low energy super sulfated cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 99, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.01910.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.019 ↗
57. Pane, I., & Hansen, W. (2005). Investigation of blended cement hydration by isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.02710.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.027 ↗
58. Péra, J., Husson, S., & Guilhot, B. (1999). Influence of finely ground limestone on cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00020-110.1016/S0958-9465(98)00020-1 ↗
59. Ramezanianpour, A. A., Ghiasvand, E., Nickseresht, I., Mahdikhani, M., & Moodi, F. (2009). Influence of various amounts of limestone powder on performance of Portland limestone cement concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(10), 715–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.08.00310.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.08.003 ↗
60. Ramezanianpour, A. M., & Hooton, R. D. (2014). A study on hydration, compressive strength, and porosity of Portland-limestone cement mixes containing SCMs. Cement and Concrete Composites, 51, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.006 ↗
61. Rashidi, S., Madani, H., Maghsoudi, M., Bameri, M., & Afzali, M. (2024). Multiscale assessment of microstructural features effects on mechanical and transport properties of Ferro-silicomanganese/GGBFS-based alkali-activated composites. Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.10920710.1016/j.jobe.2024.109207 ↗
62. Richard, T., Mercury, L., Poulet, F., & d’Hendecourt, L. (2006). Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy as a tool to characterise water in adsorption/confinement situations. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 304(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.08.03610.1016/j.jcis.2006.08.036 ↗
63. Saikia, N. J., Sengupta, P., Gogoi, P. K., & Borthakur, P. C. (2002). Cementitious properties of metakaolin-normal Portland cement mixture in the presence of petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(11), 1717–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00865-710.1016/S0008-8846(02)00865-7 ↗
64. Shah, V., Scrivener, K., Bhattacharjee, B., & Bishnoi, S. (2018). Changes in microstructure characteristics of cement paste on carbonation. Cement and Concrete Research, 109(April), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.01610.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.016 ↗
65. Shaker, F., Rashad, A., & Allam, M. (2018). Properties of concrete incorporating locally produced Portland limestone cement. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.00510.1016/j.asej.2017.04.005 ↗
66. Soroka, I., & Stern, N. (1976). Calcareous fillers and the compressive strength of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 6(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(76)90099-510.1016/0008-8846(76)90099-5 ↗
67. Sun, J., & Chen, Z. (2018). Influences of limestone powder on the resistance of concretes to the chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack. Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.07.04110.1016/j.powtec.2018.07.041 ↗
68. Thongsanitgarn, P., Wongkeo, W., Chaipanich, A., & Poon, C. S. (2014). Heat of hydration of Portland high-calcium fly ash cement incorporating limestone powder: Effect of limestone particle size. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.06010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.060 ↗
69. Tikkanen, J., Cwirzen, A., & Penttala, V. (2014). Effects of mineral powders on hydration process and hydration products in normal strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.06610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.066 ↗
70. Tsivilis, S., Chaniotakis, E., Kakali, G., & Batis, G. (2002). An analysis of the properties of Portland limestone cements and concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00089-010.1016/S0958-9465(01)00089-0 ↗
71. Tu, Z., Guo, M. Z., Poon, C. S., & Shi, C. (2016). Effects of limestone powder on CaCO3 precipitation in CO2 cured cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.01910.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.019 ↗
72. Vagenas, N. V., Gatsouli, A., & Kontoyannis, C. G. (2003). Quantitative analysis of synthetic calcium carbonate polymorphs using FT-IR spectroscopy. Talanta, 59(4), 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00638-010.1016/S0039-9140(02)00638-0 ↗
73. Vance, K., Aguayo, M., Oey, T., Sant, G., & Neithalath, N. (2013). Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin. Cement and Concrete Composites. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.02810.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.028 ↗
74. Vishavkarma, A., & Harish, K. V. (2025). Development of eco-friendly and cost-effective foam concrete using high-volume supplementary cementitious materials: Analysis of microstructural, mechanical, and durability properties. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13958410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139584 ↗
75. Vishavkarma, A., Kumar, M., & Harish, K. V. (2024). Influence of combined substitution of slag and fly ash in improving the pore structure and corrosion resistance of foam concrete mixtures used for reinforced concrete applications. Case Studies in Construction Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e0344910.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03449 ↗
76. Vuk, T., Tinta, V., Gabrovšek, R., & Kaučič, V. (2001). The effects of limestone addition, clinker type and fineness on properties of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00427-010.1016/S0008-8846(00)00427-0 ↗
77. Wang, D., Shi, C., Farzadnia, N., Shi, Z., Jia, H., & Ou, Z. (2018). A review on use of limestone powder in cement-based materials: Mechanism, hydration and microstructures. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.07510.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.075 ↗
78. Wang, Q., Yang, J., & Chen, H. (2017). Long-term properties of concrete containing limestone powder. Materials and Structures. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1040-810.1617/s11527-017-1040-8 ↗
79. Ylmén, R., Jäglid, U., Steenari, B. M., & Panas, I. (2009). Early hydration and setting of Portland cement monitored by IR, SEM and Vicat techniques. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(5), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.01710.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.017 ↗
80. Zajac, M., Rossberg, A., Le Saout, G., & Lothenbach, B. (2014). Influence of limestone and anhydrite on the hydration of Portland cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 46, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.00710.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.007 ↗
81. Zhou, Q., & Glasser, F. P. (2001). Thermal stability and decomposition mechanisms of ettringite at <120°C. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(9), 1333–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00558-010.1016/S0008-8846(01)00558-0 ↗
82. Zhu, P., Jiang, L., Chu, H., Yu, Y., Shi, Y., Xu, N., & Liu, M. (2022). Cement with high-volume limestone powder: Effect of powder fineness on packing density, strength and hydration behaviour. Advances in Cement Research. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.21.0012710.1680/jadcr.21.00127 ↗