journal article·2024-12-23Open access

Advancing Topological Interlocking Structures: Recent Developments, Applications, and Challenges in Civil Engineering

Maliheh Tavoosi Gazkoh, Xiaoshan Lin, Annan Zhou

Abstract

Abstract Topological interlocking structures have garnered significant attention for their distinctive properties, including robust resistance to crack propagation, outstanding energy absorption, adaptable flexibility, high resistance to missing elements and easy assembly and disassembly. Moreover, integrating various materials into a single structure enables versatile design possibilities. This paper comprehensively reviews recent research on topological interlocking elements and structures, encompassing element designs, manufacturing techniques and engineering applications. Furthermore, it explores the performance of topological interlocking structures, covering aspects such as fracture resistance, structural integrity, bending flexibility, ease of assembly and disassembly and energy absorption. While topological interlocking elements offer various benefits, challenges remain in their broader implementation, particularly as structural members in civil engineering structures. This paper engages in a critical discussion of existing research gaps and outlines directions for future research.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials · BIM and Construction Integration · Building materials and conservation

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Aharoni, L., Bachelet, I., & Carstensen, J. V. (2021). Topology optimization of rigid interlocking assemblies. Computers and Structures, 250, 106521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2021.10652110.1016/j.compstruc.2021.106521 ↗
2. Akleman, E., Krishnamurthy, V. R., Fu, C.-A., Subramanian, S. G., Ebert, M., Eng, M., Starrett, C., & Panchal, H. (2020). Generalized Abeille tiles: Topologically interlocked space-filling shapes generated based on fabric symmetries. Computers and Graphics, 89, 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2020.05.01610.1016/j.cag.2020.05.016 ↗
3. Al-Fakih, A., Mohammed, B. S., Nuruddin, F., & Nikbakht, E. (2018). Development of interlocking masonry bricks and its’ structural behaviour: A review paper. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/140/1/01212710.1088/1755-1315/140/1/012127 ↗
4. Ali, M., Briet, R., & Chouw, N. (2013). Dynamic response of mortar-free interlocking structures. Construction and Building Materials, 42, 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.01010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.010 ↗
5. Ashby, M. F., & Bréchet, Y. J. (2003). Designing hybrid materials. Acta Materialia, 51(19), 5801–5821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00441-510.1016/S1359-6454(03)00441-5 ↗
6. Autruffe, A., Pelloux, F., Brugger, C., Duval, P., Bréchet, Y., & Fivel, M. (2007). Indentation behaviour of interlocked structures made of ice: influence of the friction coefficient. Advanced Engineering Materials, 9(8), 664–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20070011110.1002/adem.200700111 ↗
7. Bejarano, A., & Hoffmann, C. (2019). A generalized framework for designing topological interlocking configurations. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 17(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/147807711982718710.1177/1478077119827187 ↗
8. Brocato, M., & Mondardini, L. (2012). A new type of stone dome based on Abeille’s bond. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 49(13), 1786–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.03.03610.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.03.036 ↗
9. Carlesso, M., Giacomelli, R., Krause, T., Molotnikov, A., Koch, D., Kroll, S., Tushtev, K., Estrin, Y., & Rezwan, K. (2013). Improvement of sound absorption and flexural compliance of porous alumina-mullite ceramics by engineering the microstructure and segmentation into topologically interlocked blocks. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 33(13–14), 2549–2558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.05.00610.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.05.006 ↗
10. Carlesso, M., Molotnikov, A., Krause, T., Tushtev, K., Kroll, S., Rezwan, K., & Estrin, Y. (2012). Enhancement of sound absorption properties using topologically interlocked elements. Scripta Materialia, 66(7), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.12.02210.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.12.022 ↗
11. Chao, H., Huang, Z., Ren, X., Wang, J., & Li, Y. (2023). Finite element simulation of the penetration resistance of topological interlocking ceramic/PE laminates. Composite Structures, 311, 116802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.11680210.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116802 ↗
12. Dalaq, A. S., & Barthelat, F. (2020). Manipulating the geometry of architectured beams for maximum toughness and strength. Materials and Design, 194, 108889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10888910.1016/j.matdes.2020.108889 ↗
13. Diaci, J., Bračun, D., Gorkič, A., & Možina, J. (2011). Rapid and flexible laser marking and engraving of tilted and curved surfaces. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 49(2), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.09.00310.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.09.003 ↗
14. Djumas, L. (2018). PhD Thesis. Monash University.
15. Djumas, L., Molotnikov, A., Simon, G. P., & Estrin, Y. (2016). Enhanced mechanical performance of bio-inspired hybrid structures utilising topological interlocking geometry. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep2670610.1038/srep26706 ↗
16. Djumas, L., Simon, G. P., Estrin, Y., & Molotnikov, A. (2017). Deformation mechanics of non-planar topologically interlocked assemblies with structural hierarchy and varying geometry. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12147-310.1038/s41598-017-12147-3 ↗
17. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Kanel-Belov, A. J., & Pasternak, E. (2001a). A new concept in design of materials and structures: Assemblies of interlocked tetrahedron-shaped elements. Scripta Materialia, 44(12), 2689–2694. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00968-X10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00968-X ↗
18. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Kanel-Belov, A. J., & Pasternak, E. (2001b). Toughening by fragmentation—how topology helps. Advanced Engineering Materials, 3(11), 885–888. https://doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(200111)3:11%3c885::AID-ADEM885%3e3.0.CO;2-P10.1002/1527-2648(200111)3:11<885::AID-ADEM885>3.0.CO;2-P ↗
19. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Kanel-Belov, A. J., & Pasternak, E. (2003a). Topological interlocking of platonic solids: A way to new materials and structures. Philosophical Magazine Letters, 83(3), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/095008303100006522610.1080/0950083031000065226 ↗
20. Dyskin, A., Estrin, Y., Kanel-Belov, A., & Pasternak, E. (2003c). Interlocking properties of buckyballs. Physics Letters A, 319(3–4), 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2003.10.02710.1016/j.physleta.2003.10.027 ↗
21. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., & Pasternak, E. (2019). Topological interlocking materials. Architectured Materials in Nature and Engineering Archimats. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_210.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_2 ↗
22. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Pasternak, E., Khor, H. C., & Kanel-Belov, A. J. (2003b). Fracture resistant structures based on topological interlocking with non-planar contacts. Advanced Engineering Materials, 5(3), 116–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20039001610.1002/adem.200390016 ↗
23. Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Pasternak, E., Khor, H. C., & Kanel-Belov, A. J. (2005). The principle of topological interlocking in extraterrestrial construction. Acta Astronautica, 57(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.12.00510.1016/j.actaastro.2004.12.005 ↗
24. Dyskin, A. V., Pasternak, E., & Estrin, Y. (2012). Mortarless structures based on topological interlocking. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 6, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-012-0156-810.1007/s11709-012-0156-8 ↗
25. Ebert, M., Akleman, E., Krishnamurthy, V., Kulagin, R., & Estrin, Y. (2023). VoroNoodles: Topological interlocking with helical layered 2-honeycombs. Advanced Engineering Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20230083110.1002/adem.202300831 ↗
26. Ermolai, V., Sover, A., & Nagîţ, G. (2022). Design and physical validation of a non-planar interlocking element for tubular structures. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1235/1/01200310.1088/1757-899X/1235/1/012003 ↗
27. Estrin, Y., Dyskin, A. V., & Pasternak, E. (2011). Topological interlocking as a material design concept. Materials Science and Engineering C, 31(6), 1189–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.11.01110.1016/j.msec.2010.11.011 ↗
28. Estrin, Y., Dyskin, A. V., Pasternak, E., Khor, H. C., & Kanel-Belov, A. J. (2003). Topological interlocking of protective tiles for the space shuttle. Philosophical Magazine Letters, 83(6), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/095008303100012087310.1080/0950083031000120873 ↗
29. Estrin, Y., Dyskin, A., Pasternak, E., & Schaare, S. (2009). Topological interlocking in design of structures and materials. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1188, 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1188-LL05-0610.1557/PROC-1188-LL05-06 ↗
30. Estrin, Y., Dyskin, A. V., Pasternak, E., Schaare, S., Stanchits, S., & Kanel-Belov, A. J. (2004). Negative stiffness of a layer with topologically interlocked elements. Scripta Materialia, 50(2), 291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.09.05310.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.09.053 ↗
31. Estrin, Y., Krishnamurthy, V. R., & Akleman, E. (2021). Design of architectured materials based on topological and geometrical interlocking. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15, 1165–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.06410.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.064 ↗
32. Fallacara, G. (2009). Toward a stereotomic design: Experimental constructions and didactic experiences. in Proceedings of the third international congress on construction history
33. Fallacara, G., Barberio, M., & Colella, M. (2019). Topological interlocking blocks for architecture: From flat to curved morphologies. Architectured Materials in Nature and Engineering Archimats. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_1410.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_14 ↗
34. Fatehi, E., Sarvestani, H. Y., Ashrafi, B., & Akbarzadeh, A. (2021). Accelerated design of architectured ceramics with tunable thermal resistance via a hybrid machine learning and finite element approach. Materials and Design, 210, 110056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.11005610.1016/j.matdes.2021.110056 ↗
35. Feldfogel, S., Karapiperis, K., Andrade, J., & Kammer, D. S. (2023). Scaling, saturation, and upper bounds in the failure of topologically interlocked structures. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 269, 112228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2023.11222810.1016/j.ijsolstr.2023.112228 ↗
36. Feldfogel, S., Karapiperis, K., Andrade, J., & Kammer, D. S. (2024). Failure of topologically interlocked structures—a Level-Set-DEM approach. European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids, 103, 105156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2023.10515610.1016/j.euromechsol.2023.105156 ↗
37. Feng, Y., Siegmund, T., Habtour, E., & Riddick, J. (2015). Impact mechanics of topologically interlocked material assemblies. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 75, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.08.00310.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.08.003 ↗
38. Gao, C., & Kiendl, J. (2019). Short review on architectured materials with topological interlocking mechanisms. Material Design and Processing Communications, 1(1), e31. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdp2.3110.1002/mdp2.31 ↗
39. Glickman, M. (1984). The G-block system of vertically interlocking paving. in Second International Conference on Concrete Block Paving
40. Golosovsky, M., Saado, Y., & Davidov, D. (1999). Self-assembly of floating magnetic particles into ordered structures: A promising route for the fabrication of tunable photonic band gap materials. Applied Physics Letters, 75(26), 4168–4170. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.12557110.1063/1.125571 ↗
41. Gómez-Gálvez, P., Vicente-Munuera, P., Tagua, A., Forja, C., Castro, A. M., Letrán, M., Valencia-Expósito, A., Grima, C., Bermúdez-Gallardo, M., & Serrano-Pérez-Higueras, Ó. (2018). Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2960. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05376-110.1038/s41467-018-05376-1 ↗
42. Gómez-Gálvez, P., Vicente-Munuera, P., Tagua, A., Forja, C., Castro, A.M., Letrán, M., Valencia-Expósito, A., Grima, C., Bermúdez-Gallardo, M., & Serrano-Pérez-Higueras, O. (2018). Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia. Nature communications, 9(1), 2960.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05376-110.1038/s41467-018-05376-1 ↗
43. Goodman RE and Shi GH(1985). Block theory and its application to rock engineering
44. Grzybowski, B. A., Stone, H. A., & Whitesides, G. M. (2000). Dynamic self-assembly of magnetized, millimetre-sized objects rotating at a liquid–air interface. Nature, 405(6790), 1033–1036. https://doi.org/10.1038/3501652810.1038/35016528 ↗
45. Haddadian, A., Alengaram, U. J., Ayough, P., Mo, K. H., & Alnahhal, A. M. (2023). Inherent characteristics of agro and industrial By-Products based lightweight concrete–A comprehensive review. Construction and Building Materials, 397, 132298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13229810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132298 ↗
46. Javan AR, H. Seifi, S. Xu, and Y.M. Xie. (2016). Design of a new type of interlocking brick and evaluation of its dynamic performance. in Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS).
47. Javan, A. R., Seifi, H., Lin, X., & Xie, Y. M. (2020). Mechanical behaviour of composite structures made of topologically interlocking concrete bricks with soft interfaces. Materials and Design, 186, 108347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.10834710.1016/j.matdes.2019.108347 ↗
48. Javan, A. R., Seifi, H., Xu, S., Lin, X., & Xie, Y. (2018). Impact behaviour of plate-like assemblies made of new and existing interlocking bricks: A comparative study. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 116, 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.02.00810.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.02.008 ↗
49. Javan, A.R., Seifi, H., Xu, S., Lin, X., & Xie, Y. (2018). Impact behaviour of plate-like assemblies made of new and existing interlocking bricks: A comparative study. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 116, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.02.00810.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.02.008 ↗
50. Javan, A.R., Seifi, H., Xu, S., Ruan, D., & Xie, Y. (2017). The impact behaviour of plate-like assemblies made of new interlocking bricks: An experimental study. Materials & Design, 134, 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.05610.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.056 ↗
51. Javan, A. R., Seifi, H., Xu, S., Ruan, D., & Xie, Y. (2017). The impact behaviour of plate-like assemblies made of new interlocking bricks: An experimental study. Materials and Design, 134, 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.05610.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.056 ↗
52. Kanel-Belov, A., Dyskin, A., Estrin, Y., Pasternak, E., & Ivanov-Pogodaev, I. A. (2008). Interlocking of convex polyhedra: towards a geometric theory of fragmented solids. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.0812.508910.48550/arXiv.0812.5089 ↗
53. Khandelwal, S., Siegmund, T., Cipra, R., & Bolton, J. (2012). Transverse loading of cellular topologically interlocked materials. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 49(18), 2394–2403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.04.03510.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.04.035 ↗
54. Khandelwal, S., Siegmund, T., Cipra, R., & Bolton, J. (2015). Adaptive mechanical properties of topologically interlocking material systems. Smart Materials and Structures, 24(4), 045037. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/4/04503710.1088/0964-1726/24/4/045037 ↗
55. Khor, H.C., A.V. Dyskin, E. Pasternak, Y. Estrin, and A.J. Kanel-Belov. (2002). Integrity and fracture of plate-like assemblies of topologically interlocked elements, in Structural Integrity and Fracture. Swets and Zeitlinger Lisse. 449–456
56. Koureas, I., Pundir, M., Feldfogel, S., & Kammer, D. S. (2022). On the failure of beam-like topologically interlocked structures. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 259, 112029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.11202910.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.112029 ↗
57. Koureas, I., Pundir, M., Feldfogel, S., & Kammer, D. S. (2023). The key to the enhanced performance of slab-like topologically interlocked structures with non-planar blocks. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 285, 112523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2023.11252310.1016/j.ijsolstr.2023.112523 ↗
58. Krause, T., Molotnikov, A., Carlesso, M., Rente, J., Rezwan, K., Estrin, Y., & Koch, D. (2012). Mechanical properties of topologically interlocked structures with elements produced by freeze gelation of ceramic slurries. Advanced Engineering Materials, 14(5), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20110024410.1002/adem.201100244 ↗
59. Krishnamurthy, V. R., Akleman, E., Subramanian, S. G., Ebert, M., Cui, J., Fu, C.-A., & Starrett, C. (2021). Geometrically interlocking space-filling tiling based on fabric weaves. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 28(10), 3391–3404. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2021.306545710.1109/TVCG.2021.3065457 ↗
60. Krishnamurthy, V.R., Akleman, E., Subramanian, S.G., Ebert, M., Cui, J., Fu, C.-A., & Starrett, C. (2021). Geometrically interlocking space-filling tiling based on fabric weaves. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 28(10), 3391-3404. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2021.306545710.1109/TVCG.2021.3065457 ↗
61. Krishnamurthy, V.R., E. Akleman, S. G. Subramanian, K. Boyd, C.-a Fu, M. Ebert, C. Startett, N. Yadav, Bi-axial woven tiles: Interlocking space-filling shapes based on symmetries of bi-axial weaving patterns, in Proc. 46th Graph. Interface Conf. 2020: Online. ( available:https://openreview.net/forum?id=koAjrniDnBR )
62. Krishnamurthy, V., Poudel, L., Ebert, M., Weber, D. H., Wu, R., Zhou, W., Akleman, E., & Sha, Z. (2022). LayerLock: Layer-wise collision-free multi-robot additive manufacturing using topologically interlocked space-filling shapes. Computer-Aided Design, 152, 103392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2022.10339210.1016/j.cad.2022.103392 ↗
63. Lecci, F., Mazzoli, C., Bartolomei, C., & Gulli, R. (2021). Design of flat vaults with topological interlocking solids. Nexus Network Journal, 23(3), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-020-00541-w10.1007/s00004-020-00541-w ↗
64. Li, W., Lin, X., & Xie, Y. M. (2023). A sustainable formwork system based on ice pattern and sand mould for fabricating customised concrete components. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 29(3), 639–654. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2022-017310.1108/RPJ-06-2022-0173 ↗
65. Loing, V., Baverel, O., Caron, J.-F., & Mesnil, R. (2020). Free-form structures from topologically interlocking masonries. Automation in Construction, 113, 103117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.10311710.1016/j.autcon.2020.103117 ↗
66. Mahoney, K., & Siegmund, T. (2022). Mechanics of tubes composed of interlocking building blocks. International Journal of Engineering Science, 174, 103654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2022.10365410.1016/j.ijengsci.2022.103654 ↗
67. Mather, A., Cipra, R., & Siegmund, T. (2012). Structural integrity during remanufacture of a topologically interlocked material. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 3(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/1757986121121000910.1108/17579861211210009 ↗
68. Mirkhalaf, M., Sunesara, A., Ashrafi, B., & Barthelat, F. (2019). Toughness by segmentation: Fabrication, testing and micromechanics of architectured ceramic panels for impact applications. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 158, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.02510.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.025 ↗
69. Mirkhalaf, M., Tanguay, J., & Barthelat, F. (2016). Carving 3D architectures within glass: Exploring new strategies to transform the mechanics and performance of materials. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 7, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2016.02.01610.1016/j.eml.2016.02.016 ↗
70. Mirkhalaf, M., Zhou, T., & Barthelat, F. (2018). Simultaneous improvements of strength and toughness in topologically interlocked ceramics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37), 9128–9133. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.180727211510.1073/pnas.1807272115 ↗
71. Molotnikov, A., Estrin, Y., Dyskin, A. V., Pasternak, E., & Kanel-Belov, A. (2007). Percolation mechanism of failure of a planar assembly of interlocked osteomorphic elements. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 74(8), 1222–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.07.01210.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.07.012 ↗
72. Molotnikov, A., Gerbrand, R., Bouaziz, O., & Estrin, Y. (2013). Sandwich panels with a core segmented into topologically interlocked elements. Advanced Engineering Materials, 15(8), 728–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20130000210.1002/adem.201300002 ↗
73. Molotnikov, A., Gerbrand, R., Qi, Y., Simon, G. P., & Estrin, Y. (2015). Design of responsive materials using topologically interlocked elements. Smart Materials and Structures, 24(2), 025034. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/2/02503410.1088/0964-1726/24/2/025034 ↗
74. Mozo, A. L. (2003). Planar vaults in the Monastery of El Escorial. In S. Huerta (Ed.), Proceedings of the first international congress on construction history (Madrid, 20–24 January 2003) (pp. 1327–1334). Madrid: I Juan de Herrera.
75. Nichilo, E.D. (2003). Learning from stone traditional vaulted systems for the contemporary project of architecture. The experimental construction site at the Ponton de la Oliva (Spain, 1851–1858): Survey of the small «boveda plana» of the Casa de Mina de Limpia, and reconstructive hypothesis for the Casa del Guarda flat-vault. In: Huerta, S. (Eds). Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A.E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados. 2003: Madrid, Spain. 743–754
76. Piekarski, M. (2020). Floor slabs made from topologically interlocking prefabs of small size. Buildings, 10(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings1004007610.3390/buildings10040076 ↗
77. Piirainen, V., & Estrin, Y. (2017). New Approach to road construction in oil-producing regions of western siberia. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/87/7/07200310.1088/1755-1315/87/7/072003 ↗
78. Rabasa Díaz, E. (1998). La bóveda plana de Abeille en Lugo. In F. Bores, J. Fernández, S. Huerta, & E. Rabasa (Eds.), Actas del Segundo Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción, La Coruña. 22-24 octubre 1998 (pp. 409–415). Madrid: I Juan de Herrera.
79. Ries, H.-C., Carlesso, M. V., Eigenbrod, C., Kroll, S., & Rezwan, K. (2013). On the performance of porous sound absorbent ceramic lining in a combustion chamber test rig. in Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2013-9549210.1115/GT2013-95492 ↗
80. Robson, V.D.A. (1978). German Patent DE-AS 2 554 51610.1136/bmj.2.6135.516-a ↗
81. Ross, B. E., Yang, C., Kleiss, M. C. B., Okumus, P., & Elhami Khorasani, N. (2020). Tessellated structural-architectural systems Concept for efficient construction, repair, and disassembly. Journal of Architectural Engineering., 26(3), 04020020.10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000418 ↗
82. San Ha, N., & Lu, G. (2020). A review of recent research on bio-inspired structures and materials for energy absorption applications. Composites Part B Engineering, 181, 107496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.10749610.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107496 ↗
83. Schaare, S., Dyskin, A. V., Estrin, Y., Arndt, S., Pasternak, E., & Kanel-Belov, A. (2008). Point loading of assemblies of interlocked cube-shaped elements. International Journal of Engineering Science, 46(12), 1228–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.06.01210.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.06.012 ↗
84. Schaare, S., Riehemann, W., & Estrin, Y. (2009). Damping properties of an assembly of topologically interlocked cubes. Materials Science and Engineering A, 521, 380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.10.06910.1016/j.msea.2008.10.069 ↗
85. Schapira, Y., Chernin, L., & Shufrin, I. (2024). Blast energy absorption in topological interlocking elastic columns. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 31(4), 935–947. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.212703810.1080/15376494.2022.2127038 ↗
86. Shahrubudin, N., Lee, T. C., & Ramlan, R. (2019). An overview on 3D printing technology: Technological, materials, and applications. Procedia Manufacturing, 35, 1286–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.08910.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089 ↗
87. Short, M., & Siegmund, T. (2019). Scaling, growth, and size effects on the mechanical behavior of a topologically interlocking material based on tetrahedra elements. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 86(11), 111007. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.404402510.1115/1.4044025 ↗
88. Siegmund, T., Barthelat, F., Cipra, R., Habtour, E., & Riddick, J. (2016). Manufacture and mechanics of topologically interlocked material assemblies. Applied Mechanics Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.403396710.1115/1.4033967 ↗
89. Słowik, M. (2019). The analysis of failure in concrete and reinforced concrete beams with different reinforcement ratio. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 89, 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-018-1476-510.1007/s00419-018-1476-5 ↗
90. Song, P., Fu, Z., Liu, L., & Fu, C.-W. (2015). Printing 3D objects with interlocking parts. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 35, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cagd.2015.03.02010.1016/j.cagd.2015.03.020 ↗
91. Subramanian, S. G., Eng, M., Krishnamurthy, V. R., & Akleman, E. (2019). Delaunay lofts: A biologically inspired approach for modeling space filling modular structures. Computers and Graphics, 82, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2019.05.02110.1016/j.cag.2019.05.021 ↗
92. Tessmann, O., & Rossi, A. (2019). Geometry as interface: parametric and combinatorial topological interlocking assemblies. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 86(11), 111002. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.404460610.1115/1.4044606 ↗
93. Vella I. M., & Kotnik, T. (2016). Geometric Versatility of Abeille Vault: A Stereotomic Interlocking Assembly. in International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe: Complexity & Simplicity. eCAADe. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.2.39110.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.2.391 ↗
94. Wang, Y., Aslani, F., Dyskin, A., & Pasternak, E. (2023). Digital twin applications in 3D concrete printing. Sustainability, 15(3), 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1503212410.3390/su15032124 ↗
95. Wang, Z., Song, P., Isvoranu, F., & Pauly, M. (2019). Design and structural optimization of topological interlocking assemblies. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 38(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3355089.335648910.1145/3355089.3356489 ↗
96. Weizmann, M., O. Amir, and Y. Jacob. (2015). topological interlocking in Architectur-al design10.52842/conf.caadria.2015.107 ↗
97. Weizmann, M., O. Amir, and Y.J. Grobman. (2019) Structural performance of semi-regular topological interlocking assemblies. in Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design
98. Weizmann, M., Amir, O., & Grobman, Y. J. (2016). Topological interlocking in buildings: A case for the design and construction of floors. Automation in Construction, 72, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.05.01410.1016/j.autcon.2016.05.014 ↗
99. Weizmann, M., Amir, O., & Grobman, Y. J. (2017). Topological interlocking in architecture: A new design method and computational tool for designing building floors. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 15(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/147807711771491310.1177/1478077117714913 ↗
100. Weizmann, M., Amir, O., & Grobman, Y. J. (2021). The effect of block geometry on structural behavior of topological interlocking assemblies. Automation in Construction, 128, 103717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.10371710.1016/j.autcon.2021.103717 ↗