Effect of Cracking on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Source abstract
Abstract
It is generally recognized that cracks provide easy access to ingress of chlorides in concrete and hence, the initiation of corrosion of steel in cracked concrete occurs at early stage. However, wide variety of results on the effect of crack widths on corrosion of steel in concrete are reported in many studies. Apart from crack width, the crack depths, cracking frequency and healing of cracks also influence the corrosion of steel in concrete. This paper presents a comprehensive review and summarised the results on the effect of cracking on corrosion of steel in concrete. The effect of crack widths on the diffusion of chlorides ions and carbon-dioxide is also discussed in this paper. Among all available results, a correlation between the corrosion current and the crack widths up to 0.3 mm can be established, however, no distinct trends are observed beyond that crack width. Conflicting results on the effect of crack widths on chloride ion diffusion are also reported. The longitudinal crack causes more severe corrosion of steel in concrete than transverse cracks of same width. Cracked concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials exhibited superior corrosion resistance than cracked ordinary Portland cement concrete of same width of transverse as well as longitudinal cracks. The same is also true in the case of lower water–binder ratios of cracked concrete. The increase in crack depth increased the chloride diffusion; however, the corrosion test shows an opposite trend. Conflicting results on the effect of crack frequency on corrosion of steel are also reported.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. Ahmed, S. F. U., & Mihashi, H. (2010). Corrosion durability of strain hardening fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 8(1), 27–39.10.1080/14488353.2010.11463959 ↗
2. Al-Ahmad, S., Toumi, A., Verdier, J., & Francois, R. (2009). Effect of crack opening on carbon dioxide penetration in cracked mortar samples. Materials and Structures, 42, 559–566.10.1617/s11527-008-9402-x ↗
3. Aldea, C. M., Shah, S. P., & Kaee, A. (1999). Effect of cracking on water and chloride permeability of concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 11(3), 181–187.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:3(181) ↗
4. Arya, C., & Darko, F. K. O. (1996). Influence of crack frequency on reinforcement of corrosion in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(3), 345–353.10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85022-8 ↗
5. Audenaert, K., Marsavina, L., & Schutter, G. D. (2009). Influence of cracks on the service life of concrete structures in a marine environment. Key Engineering Materials, 399, 153–160.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.399.153 ↗
6. Berke, N. S., Dallaire, M. P., Hicks, M. C., & Hoopes, R. J. (1993). Corrosion of steel in cracked concrete. Corrosion, 49(11), 934–943.10.5006/1.3316020 ↗
7. Blagojevic, A., Fennis, S., & Walraven, J. C. (2012). Impact of cracks on chloride induced corrosion and durability of reinforced concrete structures—A literature review. In International PhD student workshop on durability of reinforced concrete (pp. 80–91).
8. Dang, V. H., Francois, R., & Hostis, V. L. (2013). Effects of pre-cracks on both initiation and propagation of rebar corrosion in pure carbon dioxide. EPJ Web of Conferences, 56(06006), 1–11.
9. Darwin, D., Manning, D. G., & Hognestad, E. (1985). Debate: Crack width, cover and corrosion. Concrete International, 7, 20–35.
10. Djerbi, A., Bonnet, S., Khelidji, A., & Baroghel-bouny, V. (2008). Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 877–883.10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.007 ↗
11. Edvardsen, C. (1999). Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 96(4), 448–454.
12. Ismail, M., Toumi, A., Francois, R., & Gagne, R. (2008). Effect of crack opening on the local diffusion of chloride in cracked mortar samples. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 1106–1111.10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.009 ↗
13. Jang, S. Y., Kim, B. S., & Oh, B. H. (2011). Effect of crack width on chloride diffusion coefficients of concrete by steady-state migration tests. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(1), 9–19.10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.08.018 ↗
14. Mehta, P. K., & Gerwick, B. C. (1982). Cracking–corrosion interaction in concrete exposed to marine environment. Concrete International, 4, 45–51.
15. Miyazato, S., & Otsuki, N. (2010). Steel corrosion induced by chloride or carbonation in mortar with bending cracks or joints. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 8(2), 135–144.10.3151/jact.8.135 ↗
16. Mohammed, T. U., Otsuki, N., & Hamada, H. (2001a). Oxygen permeability in cracked concrete reinforced with plain and deformed bars. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 31(5), 829–834.10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00482-3 ↗
17. Mohammed, T. U., Otsuki, N., & Hamada, H. (2003). Corrosion of steel bars in cracked concrete under marine environment. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 15(5), 460–469.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:5(460) ↗
18. Mohammed, T. U., Otsuki, N., Hisada, M., & Shibata, T. (2001b). Effect of crack width and bar types on corrosion of steel in concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(3), 194–201.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:3(194) ↗
19. Mohammed, T. U., Yamaji, T., Aoyama, T., & Hamada, H. (2002). Marine durability of 15 year old uncracked and precracked concrete made with different cements. Journal of Materials, Concrete Structures and Pavements, JSCE, 54, 201–214.
20. Montes, P., Bremner, T. W., & Lister, D. H. (2004). Influence of calcium nitrite inhibitor and crack width on corrosion of steel in high performance concrete subjected to a simulated marine environment. Cement and Concrete Composites, 26, 243–253.10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00043-X ↗
21. Nishiwaki, T., Kwon, S., Homma, D., Yamade, M., & Mihashi, H. (2014). Self-healing capability of fibre reinforced cementitious composites for recovery of watertightness and mechanical properties. Materials, 7, 2141–2154.10.3390/ma7032141 ↗
22. Otieno, M. B., Alexander, M. G., & Beushausen, H. D. (2010). Corrosion in cracked and uncracked concrete—Influence of crack width, concrete quality and crack opening. Magazine of Concrete Research, 62(6), 393–404.10.1680/macr.2010.62.6.393 ↗
23. Otsuki, N., Miyazato, S., Doila, N. B., & Suzuki, H. (2000). Influences of bending crack and water–cement ratio on chloride induced corrosion of main reinforcing bars and stirrups. ACI Materials Journal, 97(4), 454–464.
24. Poursaee, A., & Hansson, C. M. (2008). The influence of longitudinal cracks on the corrosion protection afforded reinforcing steel in high performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 1098–1105.10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.018 ↗
25. Quero, V. J., Garcia, P. M., & Bremner, T. W. (2010). Influence of concrete cracking on the corrosion of steel reinforcement. In P. Castro-Borges, et al. (Eds.) Concrete under severe conditions: Environment and loading (pp. 383–389). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
26. Raupach, M. (1996). Corrosion of steel in the area of cracks in concrete laboratory test and calculation using transmission line method. In C. L. Page, et al. (Eds.) 4th International symposium on corrosion of reinforcement in concrete construction, July 1–4, 1996, UK.
27. Reinhardt, H. W., & Jooss, M. (2003). Permeability and self-healing of cracked concrete as function of temperature and crack width. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(7), 981–985.10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01099-2 ↗
28. Rodriguez, O. G., & Hooton, R. D. (2003). Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 100(2), 120–126.
29. Sahmaran, M., & Yaman, I. O. (2008). Influence of transverse crack width on reinforcement corrosion initiation and propagation in mortar beams. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35, 236–245.10.1139/L07-117 ↗
30. Schiebl, P., & Raupach, M. (1997). Laboratory studies and calculations on the influence of crack width on chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 94(1), 56–61.
31. Scott, A., & Alexander, M. G. (2007). The influence of binder type, cracking and cover on corrosion rates of steel in chloride contaminated concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 59(7), 495–505.10.1680/macr.2007.59.7.495 ↗
32. Sistonen, E., Kari, O. P., Tukiainen, P., & Huovinen, S. (2007). The influence of the crack width on the durability of different reinforcement bar materials. In F. Toutlemonde, et al. (Eds.) Concrete under severe conditions: Environment and loading—CONSEC07, Tours, France (pp. 419–428).
33. Stitmannaithum, B., Vu, H. Q., & Tran, M. V. (2013). Chloride penetration into reinforced concrete structures. In Proceedings of 3rd international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies, Kyoto, Japan.
34. Win, P. P., Watanabe, M., & Machida, A. (2004). Penetration profile of chloride ion in cracked reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1073–1079.10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.020 ↗