Influence of sports bra parameters on vertical breast movement using three-dimensional-printed manikin evaluation method

Purpose Sports bras can effectively reduce breast displacement, alleviate breast pain and protect the breast. Different bra components have different effects on breast support. This study aims to explore the quantitative relationship between bra components and vibration reduction function. Design/methodology/approach To understand the effects of different bra component parameters on breast support, 30 sports bras were fabricated with precise component parameters. The dynamic vertical breast displacement when wearing each sports bra was monitored using motion capture technology. The breast displacement data from five breast positions was used to analyze the overall vertical displacement of the breast. To address variability due to differences in human anatomy, the experiments were conducted on a custom-made manikin prepared using three-dimensional printing. Findings Compared with bare breasts, breasts supported by bras made with high-elastic-modulus cup materials, high-elastic-modulus shoulder strap materials and polyester underbands exhibited reduced vertical displacement during physical activity. Structurally, bras with higher cup heights, shorter strap lengths and smaller underband circumferences were associated with reduced overall breast displacement during physical activity. Originality/value By systematically studying the effects of different bra components on breast support, this study provides valuable insight and recommendations for the design and materials selection of sports bras.