Advanced 3D-printed microneedle patches for smart drug delivery in wound care

Microneedle (MN) patches have emerged as a promising drug delivery technology for wound healing treatments, offering several advantages over traditional administration methods, including minimal invasiveness, precise drug delivery, and minimal pain. This review explores the basic principles of MN patch technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing-assisted fabrication techniques, and the key considerations in designing effective MN patches for regenerative medicine. Moreover, the in vivo applications of the MN patches in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of the MN patch technology are discussed, highlighting its potential to revolutionize personalized medication.