Advancements in 3D bioprinting for precision medicine: Enhancing patient-derived organoids and extracellular vesicle applications in inflammatory diseases

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting with cultures of patient-derived organoids represents a transformative advancement in precision medicine, enabling the creation of anatomically accurate and physiologically relevant tissue models. These models are pivotal for personalized disease modeling, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting enhances the structural and functional fidelity of organoids, thereby improving their application in drug screening and disease intervention strategies. Additionally, this technology facilitates the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from patient-derived organoids (PDOs), which are rich in bioactive molecules and play crucial roles in modulating immune responses. Particularly in chronic inflammatory conditions, these organoid-derived EVs are instrumental in cellular communication and improve our understanding of disease mechanisms beyond traditional biopsies. This review focuses on the latest developments in 3D bioprinting techniques for organoids and EVs, highlighting their potential to revolutionize the treatment of inflammatory diseases through precision medicine.