2D printing of graphene: a review

Abstract The exceptional properties of graphene have inspired widespread efforts to integrate this two-dimensional (2D) material in functional applications in recent years. Within the broad spectrum of graphene processing frameworks, low-cost methods such as scalable, liquid-phase patterning are typically considered among the most straightforward routes for device integration. These ink-based printing methods require parallel research in graphene dispersion engineering, print process optimization, and post-processing methods to enhance target functional properties for a wide range of device applications in flexible electronics, energy storage, display technologies, and sensing. This review examines the current state-of-the-art and future prospects for integrating graphene and graphene composites with these versatile printing techniques to accelerate the development of scalable and low-cost graphene-based devices.