Thermally-induced in situ growth of ZnO nanoparticles in polymeric fibrous membranes

Abstract We present a two-step process to obtain PMMA fibrous membranes with homogeneously in situ synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles of defined shape and size, both on the fibers' surface and bulk. The method is based on the electrospinning of PMMA/precursor solutions and the subsequent thermally activated in situ conversion of zinc acetate to zinc oxide nanoparticles directly in the solid polymeric fibers. X-ray diffraction measurements ensure the formation of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy prove that homogeneously distributed nanoparticles with two different morphologies and size distributions are obtained, depending on the area of the fibers where the nanoparticles are nucleated and on the initial precursor's content. In particular, branched nanoparticles homogeneously decorate the fibers' surface with their dimensions that range from 50 nm to 140 nm for initial precursor contents from 23 to 40 wt%, respectively. On the other hand, small spherical nanoparticles of ca. 7 nm are mainly observed in the bulk of the fibers. Unlike the branched nanoparticles, the dimensions of the spherical nanoparticles are practically unaffected by the precursor amount initially loaded. The homogeneously distributed nanoparticles both on the surface and in the bulk of the polymeric fibers, combined with the high surface area provided by the fibrous structure, result in a multifunctional material characterized by reversible UV-induced wettability and water permeability, improved thermal stability and antibacterial activity particularly promising for diverse applications such as filtration, wound management, photocatalysis, antibacterial and UV-shielding textiles.