Structurally stitched NCF CFRP laminates. Part 1: Experimental characterization of in-plane and out-of-plane properties
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The insertion of local through-thickness reinforcements into dry fiber preforms by stitching provides a possibility to improve the mechanical performance of polymer–matrix composites perpendicular to the laminate plane (out-of-plane). Three-dimensional stress states can be sustained by stitching yarns, leading to increased out-of-plane properties, such as impact resistance and damage tolerance. On the other hand, 3D reinforcements induce dislocations of the in-plane fibers causing fiber waviness and the formation of resin pockets in the stitch vicinity after resin infusion which may reduce the in-plane stiffness and strength properties of the laminate. In the present paper an experimental study on the influence of varying stitching parameters on in-plane and out-of-plane properties of non-crimp fabric (NCF) carbon fiber/epoxy laminates is presented, namely, shear modulus and strength as well as compression after impact (CAI) strength and mode I energy release rate. The direction of stitching, thread diameter, spacing and pitch length as well as the direction of loading (which is to be interpreted as the direction of the three rail shear loading or the direction of crack propagation in case of mode 1 energy release rate testing) were varied, and their effect on the mechanical properties was evaluated statistically. The stitching parameters were found to have ambivalent effect on the mechanical properties. Larger thread diameters and increased stitch densities result in enhanced CAI strengths and energy release rates but deteriorate the in-plane properties of the laminate. On the other hand, a good compromise between both effects can be found with a proper selection of the stitching configurations.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites · Textile materials and evaluations
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. Stüve J, Henkel F, Gries T. Complex near-net-shape reinforcement structures. Textile preforms for CFRP. In: Proceedings of the 27th international SAMPE Europe conference 2006, Paris, France, March 27–29, 2006.
2. Tailoring of textile preforms for fibre-reinforced polymer composites10.1177/1528083704046949 ↗
3. Preform-engineering. Applied technologies to incorporate part and process functions into dry textile reinforcements10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00109-X ↗
4. Dow MB, Dexter HB. Development of stitched, braided and woven composite structures in the ACT program and at Langley research center (1985–1997). Hampton, VA: Langley Research Center. Bericht NASA/TP-97-206234; 1997. [21.04.08].
5. N. N. Anwendungen COPCENTRA MAX 3 CNC. Firmenprospekt LIBA. [17.06.10].
6. Long · 2005
7. Havar T, Middendorf P, Spenninger G, Göttinger M, Schmidt H. New composite load introduction rib for high lift devices. In: Proceedings of the SETEC 03/-08 SAMPE Europe Technical Conference 2008, Augsburg, Germany, September 18–19, 2008.
8. Molnár P. Stitching technique supported preform technology for manufacturing fiber reinforced polymer composites. Kaiserslautern. Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, 2007 (IVW-Schriftenreihe Bd. 74). Kaiserslautern, Technical University, Dissertation. ISBN 978-3-934930-70-4.
9. Dexter HB, Funk JG. Impact resistance and interlaminar fracture toughness of through-the-thickness reinforced graphite/epoxy. New York (USA): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 1996. p. 700–709 [paper 86-CP1996].
10. Iwahori Y, Horikawa S, Yamamoto M, Ishikawa T, Fukuda H. CFRP strengths improvement by carbon fiber stitching. In: Proceedings 49th international SAMPE symposium, Long Beach, CA, USA, May 16–20, 2004.
11. Delamination resistance in stitched and unstitched composite plates subjected to impact loading10.1177/073168449000900104 ↗
12. Byun J-H, Song S-W, Lee C-H, Um M-K, Hwang B-S. Impact properties of laminated composites stitched with Z-fibers. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on composite materials ICCM-15, Durban, South Africa, June 27–July 1, 2005.
13. Effect of stitching on the low-velocity impact response of [03/903]s graphite/epoxy laminates10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.06.005 ↗
14. Tong L, Mouritz AP, Bannister MK. 3D Fibre reinforced polymer composites. Amsterdam; 2002.10.1016/B978-008043938-9/50017-X ↗
15. Further validation of the Jain and Mai models for interlaminar fracture of stitched composites10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00027-5 ↗
16. On the effect of stitching in CFRPs: I. Mode I delamination toughness10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00229-7 ↗
17. The effect of stitch distribution on mode i delamination toughness of stitched laminated composites. Experimental results and FEA simulation10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.002 ↗
18. Improvements in mode I interlaminar fracture toughness and in-plane mechanical properties of stitched glass/polyester composites10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.032 ↗
19. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness properties od advanced textile fibreglass composites10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00197-3 ↗
20. Sharma SK, Sankar BV. Effects of through-the-thickness stitching on impact and interlaminar fracture properties of textile graphite/epoxy laminates. Hampton (VA): Langley Research Center, NASA-CR-195042, 1995. [20.04.08].
21. Ogo Y. The effect of stitching on in-plane and interlaminar properties of carbon-epoxy fabric laminates. Delaware, University, Master Thesis, 1987.
22. Effect of stitching on in-plane and interlaminar properties of sisal/epoxy laminates10.1177/0021998302036012163 ↗
23. Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching. A review10.1016/0266-3538(94)90019-1 ↗
24. Carbon composites based on multiaxial multiply stitched preforms. Part 5: geometry of sheared biaxial fabrics10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.04.013 ↗
25. Carbon composites based on multiaxial multiply stitched preforms. Part 1: geometry of the preform10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00090-8 ↗
26. Carbon composites based on multi-axial multi-ply stitched preforms. Part 4: mechanical properties of composites and damage observation10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.004 ↗
27. Vettori M, Truong Chi T, Lomov SV, Verpoest I. Progressive damage characterization of stitched, bi-axial, multi-ply carbon fabrics composites. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on composite materials ECCM-11, Mai 31–June 3, 2004, Rhodes, Greece.
28. Truong Chi T, Vettori M, Ranz D, Lomov S V, Verpoest I. New results on mechanical properties and initial damage of multi-axial multi-ply carbon fabrics reinforced epoxy. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on composite materials ECCM-11, Mai 31–June 3, 2004, Rhodes, Greece.
29. A mechanistic approach to the properties of stitched laminates10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00056-1 ↗
30. A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched, and pinned composites10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.02.001 ↗
31. Ogale A. Investigation of sewn preform characteristic and quality aspects for the manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composites. Kaiserslautern. Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH; 2007 (IVW-Schriftenreihe Bd. 70). Kaiserslautern, Technical University, Dissertation. ISBN 978-3-934930-66-7.
32. A review of the effect of stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00057-2 ↗
33. Byun J-H, Lee C-H, Song S-W, Lee S-K, Kim B-S, Joe CR. Stitching effect on flexural and interlaminar properties of MWK textile composites. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on composite materials ICCM-15, Durban, South Africa, June 27 – July 1, 2005.
34. Mechanical performance of carbon fibre-reinforced composites based on stitched preforms10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.007 ↗
35. Roth YC, Himmel N. Stitched non-crimp fabric laminates. From manufacturing to in-plane properties. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on composite materials ICCM-11, San Diego, CA, USA, June 14–18, 2003.
36. Roth YC. Beitrag zur rechnerischen Abschätzung des Scheiben-Elastizitätsverhaltens in Dickenrichtung vernähter Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund-Laminate. Kaiserslautern. Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, 2005 (IVW-Schriftenreihe Bd. 55). Kaiserslautern, Technical University, Dissertation. – ISBN 3-934930-51-4.
37. Elastic constants estimation of stitched NCF CFRP laminates based on a finite element unit-cell model10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.05.024 ↗
38. Daimler-Benz-Aerospace Airbus. QVA-Z10-46-34, Bestimmung der Zugeigenschaften von CFK-Laminaten aus unidirektionalem Prepreg (Tape): Prüfung in Faserrichtung (0°); 1996.
39. Daimler-Benz-Aerospace Airbus. QVA-Z10-46-35, Bestimmung von Zugeigenschaften von CFK-Laminaten aus unidirektionalem Prepreg (Tape), Prüfung senkrecht zur Faser (90°); 1996.
40. Daimler-Benz-Aerospace Airbus. QVA-Z10-46-36, Bestimmung von Zugeigenschaften von CFK-Laminaten aus Gewebe-Prepreg, Prüfung in Kett-oder Schussrichtung; 1996.
41. Daimler-Benz-Aerospace Airbus. QVA-Z10-46-38, Bestimmung von Druckeigenschaften von CFK-Laminaten aus Gewebe-Prepreg, Prüfung in Kett-oder Schussrichtung; 1996.
42. ASTM D 3410-87. Standard test method for compressive properties of unidirectional or cross-ply fiber–resin composites; 1987.
43. ASTM D 4255/D 4255M – 01. Standard test method for in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composite materials by the rail shear method; 2002.
44. DIN EN 6038, 1996-04. Luft- und Raumfahrt: Faserverstärkte Kunststoffe: Prüfverfahren: Bestimmung der Restdruckfestigkeit nach Schlagbeanspruchung; 1996.
45. ASTM D 7136/D 7136M – 05. Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event; 2005.
46. ASTM D 7137/D 7137M – 05. Standard test method for compressive residual strength properties of damaged polymer matrix composite plates; 2005.
47. DIN EN 6033, 1996-04. Luft- und Raumfahrt: Faserverstärkte Kunststoffe: Prüfverfahren: Bestimmung der interlaminaren Energiefreisetzungsrate Mode I, GIC; 1996.
48. ASTM D 5528 – 01. Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites; 2002.
49. The V-notched rail shear test10.1177/0021998306063369 ↗
50. ASTM D 7078/D 7078M – 05. Standard guide for shear properties of composite materials by V-notched rail shear method; 2005.
51. ASTM D 5379/D 5379 – 05. Standard guide for shear properties of composite materials by the V-notched beam method; 2005.
52. Jain LK, Mai Y-W. Recent work on stitching of laminated composites. Theoretical analysis and experiments. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on composite materials ICCM-11, Gold Coast, Australia, July 14–18, 1997.
53. Effect of reinforcing tabs on the mode I interlaminar delamination toughness of stitched CFRPs10.1177/002199839803202202 ↗