Microstructural and physical origins of elastic and electromechanical losses and dispersion in dense and porous piezoceramics

1. N. Horchidan, C.E. Ciomaga, R.C. Frunza, C. Capiani, C. Galassi, L. Mitoseriu, A comparative study of hard/soft PZT-based ceramic composites. Ceram. Int. 42, 9125–9132 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.02.17910.1016/j.ceramint.2016.02.179 ↗

2. K.P. Andryushin, I.N. Andryushina, L.A. Shilkina, A.V. Nagaenko, S.I. Dudkina, A.A. Pavelko, I.A. Verbenko, L.A. Reznichenko, Features of the structure and macro responses in hard ferro piezoceramics based on the PZT system. Ceram. Int. 44, 18303–18310 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.04210.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.042 ↗

3. K. Uchino, High-power piezoelectrics and loss mechanisms, in Advanced Piezoelectric Materials, ed. by K. UchinoElsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (2017), pp. 647–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102135-4.00017-510.1016/B978-0-08-102135-4.00017-5 ↗

4. A. Safari, E.K. Akdoğan, J.D. Leber, Ferroelectric ceramics and composites for piezoelectric transducer applications. Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 61, SN0801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac8bdc10.35848/1347-4065/ac8bdc ↗

5. I.A. Shvetsov, E.I. Petrova, M.A. Lugovaya, N.A. Shvetsova, S.A. Scherbinin, A.N. Rybyanets, Ferroelectrically Hard Porous Ceramics: Fabrication, Properties and Ultrasonic Transducer Applications, in Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications, ed. by I. Parinov, S. H. Chang, V. GuptaSpringer Proceedings in Physics, New York, (2018), pp. 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78919-4_310.1007/978-3-319-78919-4_3 ↗

6. A.N. Rybyanets, A.V. Nasedkin, S.A. Shcherbinin, E.I. Petrova, N.A. Shvetsova, I.A. Shvetsov, M.A. Lugovaya, The Finite-Element Simulation of Low-Frequency Bimorph Transducers for the Diagnostics and Activation of Oil Wells. Acoust. Phys. 63, 737–743 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377101706012410.1134/S1063771017060124 ↗

7. B. Turner, D. Cranston, A Review of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Int. J. Transl Med. 4, 197–207 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm401001110.3390/ijtm4010011 ↗

8. F.A. Nartov, R.P. Williams, V.A. Khokhlova, Electronic focus steering capabilities of a diagnostic-type linear ultrasound array designed for high power therapy and its visualization. Acoust. Phys. 70, 165–174 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377102360129210.1134/S1063771023601292 ↗

9. B. Zhang, Y. Yang, X. Fan, Processing, microstructure, and properties of porous ceramic composites with directional channels. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 168, 1–15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.04.03910.1016/j.jmst.2023.04.039 ↗

10. D.K. Sh. Shrivastava, T. Rajak, D.K. Joshi, D.P. Singh, Mondal, Ceramic Matrix Composites: Classifications, Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications. Ceramics. 7, 652–679 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics702004310.3390/ceramics7020043 ↗

11. S. Zhang, B. Malič, J.F. Li, J. Rödel, Lead–free ferroelectric materials: Prospective Applications. J. Mater. Res. 36, 985–995 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00180-y10.1557/s43578-021-00180-y ↗

12. X. Zhou, K. Zhou, D. Zhang, C. Bowen, Q. Wang, J. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Perspective on porous piezoelectric ceramics to control internal stress. Nanoenergy Adv. 2, 269–290 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv204001410.3390/nanoenergyadv2040014 ↗

13. E. Ringgaard, F. Lautzenhiser, L. Bierregaard, T. Zawada, E. Molz, Development of Porous Piezoceramics for Medical and Sensor Applications. Materials. 8, 8877–8889 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma812549810.3390/ma8125498 ↗

14. A.N. Rybyanets, Porous piezoceramics: theory, technology, and properties. IEEE Trans. UFFC 58, 1492–1507 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2011.196810.1109/TUFFC.2011.1968 ↗

15. M. Yan, S. Liu, Z. Xiao, X. Yuan, Di K. Zhai, D. Zhou, G. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Bowen, Zhang, Evaluation of the pore morphologies for piezoelectric energy harvesting application. Ceram. Int. 48, 5017–5025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.03910.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.039 ↗

16. W. Ma, X. Zhou, H. Gao, C. Wang, H. Tan, C. Samart, J. Wang, T.N. An, C. Yan, Y. Hu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Structure-reinforced periodic porous piezoceramics for ultrahigh electromechanical response manufactured by vat photopolymerization. Additive Manuf. 93, 104446 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.10444610.1016/j.addma.2024.104446 ↗

17. A.N. Rybyanets, New methods and transducer designs for ultrasonic diagnostic and therapy, in Advanced Materials: Manufacturing, Physics, Mechanics and Applications, ed. by I.A. Parinov, Sh.-H. Chang, V.Yu. TopolovSpringer Proceedings in Physics, New York, (2016), pp. 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26324-310.1007/978-3-319-26324-3 ↗

18. X. Zhou, K. Zhou, D. Zhang, C. Bowen, Q. Wang, J. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Perspective on Porous Piezoelectric Ceramics to Control Internal Stress. Nanoenergy Adv. 2(4), 269–290 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv204001410.3390/nanoenergyadv2040014 ↗

19. M. Sh. Liu, Z. Yan, X. Hu, Y. Yuan, D. Zhang, Zhang, Tailoring the Microstructure and Porosity of Porous Piezoelectric Ceramics for Ultrasonic Transducer Application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 16(41), S1–S11 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c1130310.1021/acsami.4c11303 ↗

20. Y. Park, M. Choi, K. Uchino, Loss Determination Techniques for Piezoelectrics: A Review. Actuators. 12, 213–235 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/act1205021310.3390/act12050213 ↗

21. A.V. Mezheritsky, Elastic, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Losses in Piezoceramics: How It Works All Together. IEEE Trans. UFFC 51, 695–707 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2004.130426810.1109/TUFFC.2004.1304268 ↗

22. Y. Gao, X. Xian, Y. Chen, Z. Suo, J. Xu, Z. Yang, Determination of elastic loss of piezoelectric materials by impedance curve fitting using intelligent algorithms. Phys. Scr. 99, 056002 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad347e10.1088/1402-4896/ad347e ↗

23. M.A. Lugovaya, I.A. Shvetsov, N.A. Shvetsova, A.V. Nasedkin, A.N. Rybyanets, Elastic Losses and Dispersion in Porous Piesoceramics. Ferroelectrics. 571(1), 263–267 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.173690910.1080/00150193.2020.1736909 ↗

24. N.A. Shvetsova, I.A. Shvetsov, E.I. Petrova, D.I. Makarev, M.A. Marakhovsky, A.N. Rybyanets, Complex electromechanical parameters and microstructure peculiarities of PZT-type porous piezoceramics. Ferroelectrics. 618(5), 1454–1460 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2024.230558610.1080/00150193.2024.2305586 ↗

25. I.A. Shvetsov, M.A. Lugovaya, M.G. Konstantinova, P.A. Abramov, E.I. Petrova, N.A. Shvetsova, A.N. Rybyanets, Dispersion characteristics of complex electromechanical parameters of porous piezoceramics. J. Adv. Diel. 12(2), 2160004 (2022). (5 pages). https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x2160004310.1142/s2010135x21600043 ↗

26. A.N. Rybyanets, I.A. Shvetsov, N.A. Shvetsova, M.A. Marakhovsky, N.A. Kolpacheva, Microstructure, complex electromechanical parameters and dispersion characteristics of ferroelectrically hard piezoceramics. J. Adv. Diel. 15(3), 2540001 (2025). (5 pages). https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010135X2540001610.1142/S2010135X25400016 ↗

27. PRAP (Piezoelectric Resonance Analysis Program), (TASI Technical Software Inc., 2000–2018). www.tasitechnical.com. Accessed 24 November 2025.

28. J.G. Smits, Iterative method for accurate determination of the real and imaginary parts of the materials coefficients of piezoelectric ceramics. IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason. SU. –23, 393–401 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1976.3089810.1109/T-SU.1976.30898 ↗

29. NEXSYS ImageExpert™ Pro, 3. https://www.nexsys.ru/software/pro-3. Accessed 24 November 2025

30. M. O’Donnell, E.T. Jaynes, J.G. Miller, General relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and dispersion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1935–1938 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.38190210.1121/1.381902 ↗

31. M. O’Donnell, E.T. Jaynes, J.G. Miller, Kramers-Kronig relationships between ultrasonic attenuation and phase velocity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 696–701 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.38556610.1121/1.385566 ↗