Non-destructive measurement of bulk density distribution in large-sized ceramic tiles

Abstract An apparatus has been designed, built, and patented that is able, non-destructively, to determine bulk density distribution in large-sized ceramic tiles. The proposed method, based on the X-ray absorption technique, provides numerous advantages compared with current methods: it enables complete maps of the bulk density distribution, and is neither destructive nor toxic. The measurements are performed with a low-power X-ray emitter tube. The measurement system is housed in a shielded enclosure. This technique has been used to examine ceramic tiles fabricated under different industrial conditions, modifying press operating parameters. The use of high-precision laser telemeters also enables maps of tile thicknesses to be obtained, which allow tile surface mass to be determined. The non-destructive character of the method enables fired tiles, which had previously been examined in the unfired state, to be inspected, thus facilitating the interpretation of manufacturing defects that could originate in the forming and/or firing stage.