Control of distortion due to welding and the additional cost involved

This paper details various aspects of distortion, how these faults occur, how they may be avoided, and if not avoided, how they may be most easily alleviated. The costs of avoiding or alleviating distortion are most difficult questions to discuss in that the records of many manufacturing shops do not list them separately, and they are often included in normal fabricating shop costs. Finally, the author tries to lay down some general principles of good practice that will minimize distortion and the consequent residual stress which would be detrimental to the finished structure.