A two-component, non-aqueous route to silica gel
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OpenAlex topics: Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis · Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis · Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions
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References (25)
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2. Room temperature gelation times can be as long as months at pH values near 2. See, for example, Ref. 12.10.1016/0022-3093(84)90387-9 ↗
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10. That is, at comparable r and measured solution pH. a 3:1 molar mixture with TEOS shows an initial pH* of 1.3 evolving to a value of ca. 1.8 close to the gel point. 96% formic acid has a pH* of 0.7�0.4.
11. r is taken to be the mole ratio of the carboxylic acid to silane; any water present is not included in the calculation.
12. Gottardi, V., et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 63, 71. (1984).10.1016/0022-3093(84)90387-9 ↗
13. Bechtold, M.F., Mahler, W., and Schunn, R., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 18, 2823 (1980). These workers demonstrated that activation energy is a function of the molar composition of the system, with lower values at lower water: silane ratios. pH and the silica concentration are also likely influential on Arrhenius parameters. The value of 7.5 kcal/mole is extrapolated from the data provided in the paper.10.1002/pol.1980.170180907 ↗
14. Some allowance must be made for the powerful condensation-retarding effects of donor solvents such as THF when used to dissolve solid carboxylic acids.
15. See Ref. 4.
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18. Measurement made by D. Smith at the Univ. of New Mexico.
19. Measurement at the Du Pont Co. by L. Abrams.
20. Farenholtz, W., Smith, D., and Hua, D., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 45 (1992).10.1016/S0022-3093(05)80381-3 ↗
21. Marsh, H. and Wynne-Jones, W., Carbon 1, 269 (1964).10.1016/0008-6223(64)90281-7 ↗
22. Barnham, H. and Clark, L., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 4638 (1951).10.1021/ja01154a042 ↗
23. Vega, A. and Scherer, G., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 111, 153 (1989).10.1016/0022-3093(89)90276-7 ↗
24. Densities were determined using a Mettler-Parr DMA 35 density meter, with digital display of both density and temperature.
25. Scherer, G., private communication.