Polymer matrix composites as radar-absorbent materials in the X-Band: A comprehensive review

Recent advancements in stealth technology have intensified the demand for radar-absorbing materials (RAMs) that combine superior attenuation performance with structural integrity. This review systematically examines carbon-based RAMs, specifically polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon-based nanofillers, emphasizing their dual role in enhancing electromagnetic absorption and mechanical performance. This work uniquely integrates the mechanical behavior of these materials, providing a comprehensive understanding of filler dispersion, interfacial interactions, and their influence on dielectric loss and load-bearing capabilities. Comparative analysis across multiple studies highlights how processing routes, filler morphology, and multi-layer configurations affect reflection loss (RL), impedance matching, and bandwidth within the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). Hybrid and multilayer systems demonstrate synergistic effects, achieving broadband absorption exceeding 4 GHz with RL values below −40 dB, while maintaining enhanced tensile and flexural strengths at optimal filler loadings. The review further delineates fabrication methods, scaling challenges, and optimization strategies essential for practical implementation. Finally, emerging trends like multifunctional and hybrid nanofillers, lightweight foamed architectures, and surface-functionalized composites are discussed as promising pathways toward durable, scalable, and structurally integrated carbon-based RAMs for next-generation defense and aerospace platforms.