Guidance of Osteoblast Migration Using Femtosecond Laser-Induced Hierarchical Structures

The adhesion and alignment of osteoblasts and fibroblasts on titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) surfaces can be adjusted over a wide range by femtosecond laser treatment and anodization. The great differences in cell behavior between different experimental conditions raised further questions about the role of cell migration, which will be addressed in this study. For that, Ti-6Al-4V surfaces were laser-structured to obtain a surface covered with ripples, i.e., laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), or micro-cones superimposed with ripples. Then, cells were seeded either directly onto the non-structured or laser-structured areas on the titanium alloy samples or beside such samples where they can reach the surface by cell migration. After two weeks in culture, the cell coverage of the samples was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that cells directly seeded onto the non-structured or laser-structured areas covered the surface nearly completely and eventually aligned along the ripple direction for the laser-structured areas. In contrast, for cell-seeding beside the samples, the laser-structured areas remain nearly cell-free while the non-structured areas were covered with cells in a similar non-oriented manner as for direct cell-seeding. These results on reduced osteoblast migration due to laser structuring are in line with the findings in animal experiments. There, the new bone formation of laser-processed samples was 26.1% ± 16.9% lower in comparison to untreated samples of the same type, which can be explained by hindered cell migration on the laser-processed areas of the screws.