Development of a Hydrophobic Polymer Coating in Polyurethane Organic–Mineral Base Containing Waste from Fibreglass Production
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, the suitability of waste from glass fibre production as a secondary filler for a polymeric durable hydrophobic coating, based on an innovative polyurethane organic–mineral base, was experimentally verified. The main aim of this work was to develop a basic formulation for a polymeric hydrophobic coating designed primarily for usage in aggressive environments. For this purpose, a total of four formulations were tested with different weight percentages of waste glass fibre, i.e., from 30 to 60%. The basic properties in the fresh state, such as the coating workability and kinematic and dynamic viscosity, were verified, and an application test was performed. The formulations were also verified after the polymerisation of the coating. Adhesion on a concrete substrate and the tensile properties and hardness of the coating were tested. Chemical resistance to liquid aggressive media and the microstructure of the coating after exposure to SO2 were also tested, as these are critical properties. All the formulations showed better workability than the reference coating without a filler, and the formulation with the highest filling (60%) appeared to be optimal. The maximum adhesion on the concrete substrate (11.9 MPa) and tensile strength (21.6 MPa) were recorded for the formulation with 60% waste fibreglass. It can be concluded that with an increase in the waste glass content, there was a significant improvement in the properties of the coatings. Additionally, the waste fibreglass did not have a significant negative impact on chemical resistance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Polymer composites and self-healing · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Funding
Internal Grant Agency of Brno University of Technology · Czech Science Foundation (GACR)
References (74)
Show source-provided references
1. Ebnesajjad, S., and Andrew, W. (2022). Plastics in Medical Devices, Properties, Requirements, and Applications, Elsevier. [3rd ed.].
2. Development of a superhydrophobic polyurethane-based coating from a two-step plasma-fluoroalkyl silane treatment10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.03.007 ↗
3. Polyurethane powder coatings: A review of composition and characterization10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02320 ↗
4. Corrosion resistance evaluation of rebars with various primers and coatings in concrete modified with different additives10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120034 ↗
5. Adhesion strength and superhydrophobicity of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite coatings10.1002/app.36312 ↗
6. Yusoh, K., Jin, J., and Song, M. (2009). Subsurface mechanical properties of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite thin films studied by nanoindentation. Prog. Org. Coat., 220–224.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2009.10.003 ↗
7. Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications—A review10.1039/C6RA14525F ↗
8. Echeverria-Altuna, O., Ollo, O., Larraza, I., Elizetxea, C., Harismendy, I., and Eceiza, A. (2022). Development of a Novel Biobased Polyurethane Resin System for Structural Composites. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14214553 ↗
9. Flexible and stretchable polyurethane/waterglass grouting material10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.113 ↗
10. Studies of mechanism of silica polymerization reactions in the combination of silica sol and potassium sodium waterglass via isothermal heat conduction microcalorimetry10.1007/s10973-010-0697-9 ↗
11. Preparation, characterization, and properties of silicate/polyurethaneurea composites based on dipropylene glycol dibenzoate10.1002/pc.23152 ↗
12. Zafar, F., and Sharmin, E. (2012). Polyurethane, IntechOpen Limited.10.5772/2416 ↗
13. Brzeska, J., and Piotrowska-Kirschling, A. (2021). A Brief Introduction to the Polyurethanes According to the Principles of Green Chemistry. Processes, 9.10.3390/pr9111929 ↗
14. Thermoset polyurea resins with in situ produced silicate filler from water glass: Effects of water dispersible alumina nanoparticles10.1179/174328907X177626 ↗
15. Oligoetherols and polyurethane foams obtained from metasilicic acid10.1007/s00289-017-2109-9 ↗
16. Fundamental understanding of the thermal properties of amorphous epoxy resin coatings filled with quartz-feldspar powder sourced from quarry waste10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156133 ↗
17. Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.019 ↗
18. Review of polymer technologies for improving the recycling and upcycling efficiency of plastic waste10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138089 ↗
19. Multifunctional polymer composite coatings and adhesives by incorporating cellulose nanomaterials10.1016/j.matt.2022.11.024 ↗
20. Verma, S., Khan, R., Mili, M., Hashami, S.A.R., and Srivastava, A.K. (2023). Advanceed Materials from Recycled Waste, Elsevier—Health Sciences Division.
21. A study on the properties and working mechanism of a waterborne polyurethane-modified silicate-based coating10.1039/C9RA04441H ↗
22. Mechanical recycling of GFRP waste as short-fibre reinforcements in microconcrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.068 ↗
23. Gonçalves, R.M., Martinho, A., and Oliveira, J.P. (2022). Recycling of reinforced glass fibres waste: Current status. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15041596 ↗
24. Utilization of glass fibre reinforced polymer wastes10.1002/pc.25834 ↗
25. Wear response of glass fibre and ceramic tile-reinforced hybrid epoxy matrix composites10.1007/s13726-018-0675-9 ↗
26. An analysis on mechanical and sliding wear behavior of E-Glass fibre reinforced IPN composites10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.072 ↗
27. Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photo-polymerizable nano-structured coating on concrete substrates10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.04.024 ↗
28. A review on concrete surface treatment Part I: Types and mechanisms10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.025 ↗
29. Water repellent surface impregnation for extension of service life of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments: The role of cracks10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.001 ↗
30. Hydrophobic epoxy resin coating with ionic liquid conversion pretreatment on magnesium alloy for promoting corrosion resistance10.1016/j.jmst.2019.06.024 ↗
31. The reasons for the loss of polyurea coatings adhesion to the concrete substrate in chemically aggressive water tanks10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106774 ↗
32. Hodná, J., Hodul, J., Drochytka, R., and Seidlová, M. (2022). Verification of the influence of particle shape on the chemical resistance of epoxy coating and use of waste glass as the filler. Coatings, 12.10.3390/coatings12030309 ↗
33. (2016). Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete (Standard No. ASTM C138-16). American Association State, Highway and Transportation Officials Standard.
34. (2019). Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Film Thickness (Standard No. EN ISO 2808).
35. (2003). Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Viscosity Using Rotary Viscometers—Part 2: Disc or Ball Viscometer Operated at a Specified Speed (Standard No. EN ISO 2884-2).
36. (2019). Paints and Varnishes–Determination of Flow Time by Use of Flow Cups (Standard No. EN ISO 2431).
37. (2003). Plastics and Ebonite—Determination of Indentation Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness) (Standard No. EN ISO 868).
38. (2023). Paints and Varnishes—Pull-Off Test for Adhesion (Standard No. EN ISO 4624).
39. (2019). Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—Part 1: General Principles (Standard No. EN ISO 527-1).
40. (2012). Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion Plastics (Standard No. EN ISO 527-2).
41. (2018). Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics (Standard No. ASTM D570-9).
42. (2021). Paints and Varnishes—Evaluation of Degradation of Coatings—Designation of Quantity and Size of Defects, and of Intensity of Uniform Changes in Appearance (Standard No. EN ISO 4628-1).
43. (1993). Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Resistance to Humid Atmospheres Containing Sulfur Dioxide (Standard No. EN ISO 3231).
44. (2012). Standard Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces (Standard No. ASTM D610-85).
45. (2006). Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures—Test Methods—Determination of the Depth of Carbonation in Hardened Concrete Using the Phenolphthalein Method (Standard No. EN 14630).
46. Graphene-like two-dimensional nanosheets-based anticorrosive coatings: A review10.1016/j.jmst.2022.04.032 ↗
47. Alshammari, B.A., Alenad, A.M., Al-Mubaddel, F.S., Alharbi, A.G., Al-shehri, A.S., Albalwi, H.A., Alsuabie, F.M., Fouad, H., and Mourad, A.-H.I. (2022). Impact of hybrid fillers on the properties of high density polyethylene based composites. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14163427 ↗
48. Effect of cross-link density on interphase creation in polymer nanocomposites10.1021/ma800830p ↗
49. Structural impact of graphene nanoribbon on mechanical properties and anti-corrosion performance of polyurethane nanocomposites10.1016/j.cej.2020.126858 ↗
50. Effect of nanofillers dispersion in polymer matrices: A review10.1166/sam.2011.1136 ↗
51. Recycling of waste limestone powders for the cleaner production of epoxy coatings: Fundamental understanding of the mechanical and microstructural properties10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133828 ↗
52. Effect of graphene nanoparticles on suspension viscosity and mechanical properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites10.1016/j.prostr.2022.02.014 ↗
53. The influence of type and concentration of inorganic pigments on the polyurethane adhesive properties and adhesion of laminates10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.01.004 ↗
54. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation investigation on filler reinforcement for property enhancement of PU composites10.1080/15376494.2022.2062803 ↗
55. Rheological studies of two component high build epoxy and polyurethane based high performance coatings10.1007/s11998-012-9445-3 ↗
56. Abrasion resistance of acrylic polyurethane coatings reinforced by nano-silica10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.07.034 ↗
57. Friedrich, K.B., Fakirov, S., and Zhang, Z. (2005). Polymer Composites: From Nano-to Macro-Scale, Springer.10.1007/b137162 ↗
58. Surface protection of concrete by new protective coating10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.026 ↗
59. Moisture-cured polyurethane/polysiloxane copolymers: Effects of the structure of polyester diol and NCO/OH ratio10.1002/app.27343 ↗
60. Influence of NCO/OH and transesterified castor oil on the structure and properties of polyurethane: Synthesis and characterization10.1166/mex.2015.1254 ↗
61. A brief discussion on advances in polyurethane applications
62. Castor oil-derived water-based polyurethane coatings: Structure manipulation for property enhancement10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.04.030 ↗
63. A renewable and multifunctional eco-friendly coating from novel tung oil-based cationic waterborne polyurethane dispersions10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118341 ↗
64. Performance of polyurethane-coated concrete in sewer environment10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.033 ↗
65. The surface properties and corrosion resistance of fluorinated polyurethane coatings10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.04.002 ↗
66. Lenzi, V., Crema, A., Pyrlin, S., and Marques, L. (2022). Current state and perspectives of simulation and modeling of aliphatic isocyanates and polyisocyanates. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14091642 ↗
67. Eco-friendly polyurethane coatings from cottonseed and karanja oil10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.05.014 ↗
68. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of acrylic polyurethane coatings10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.09.012 ↗
69. Application of repair and anti-corrosion technology on reinforced concrete structures of a domestic Wwarf10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.189-193.165 ↗
70. Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00087-2 ↗
71. Acid resistance of inorganic polymer binders. 1. Corrosion rate10.1617/s11527-011-9744-7 ↗
72. Species of sulphur bacteria associated with the corrosion of concrete10.1038/159439b0 ↗
73. Biogenic sulfuric acid attack on different types of commercially produced concrete sewer pipes10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.002 ↗
74. A review on recent advances in the fabrication and evaluation of superhydrophobic concrete10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109867 ↗