Thermal Transmittance, Dimensional Stability, and Mechanical Properties of a Three-Layer Laminated Wood Made from Fir and Meranti and Its Potential Application for Wood-Frame Windows
Source abstract
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the physical (thermal transmittance and dimensional stability) and mechanical properties of two types of three layer laminated wood made from fir and meranti; fir in surface layers and meranti in core (FMF) and vice versa (MFM) and to examine its potential application for wood-frame windows. An additional objective was to compare the properties of the laminated wood with those of solid wood, namely meranti and fir. Both types of laminated wood had by far substantial lower bending properties than solid wood. MFM laminated wood performed better than the FMF as far as the physical and mechanical properties are concerned. Water absorption and thickness swelling of MFM laminated wood were substantially lower than those of the FMF type, and all the differences were statistically significant. Longitudinal width swelling, and bending properties of MFM laminated wood were higher than those of FMF but these differences were not statistically significant. The thermal transmittance (rate of the heat transferred) of the FMF window is 13.3% better (less) compared to the MFM window. The main reason for this is believed to be the lower overall density of the FMF window, which also makes it more competitive as a result of the reduced manufacturing cost since fir is less expensive compared tomeranti. It was concluded that wood-frame windows can be successfully made from these types of laminated wood, employing therefore easily renewable materials, with low environmental impact, recyclable and manageable in the medium term.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Wood Treatment and Properties · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Bamboo properties and applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Forestry, Wood Science and Design, University of Thessaly, GR-43100 Karditsa, Greece
Wood Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Materials Engineering & New Technologies, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran
Laboratory of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, GR-66100 Drama, Greece
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Use of northern hardwoods in glued-laminated timber: A study of bondline shear strength and resistance to moisture10.1007/s00107-020-01572-3 ↗
2. Papadopoulos, A.N., and Taghiyari, H.R. (2019). Innovative Wood Surface Treatments Based on Nanotechnology. Coatings, 9.10.3390/coatings9120866 ↗
3. Moody, R.C., Hernandez, R., and Liu, J.Y. (1999). Glued structural timbers. WoodHandbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Products Laboratory.
4. Smulski, S. (1997). Glued-Laminated Timber. Engineered Wood Products-A Guide for Specifiers, Designs and Users, PFS Research Foundation.
5. Red maple lumber resources for glue-laminated timber beams
6. Physical-mechanical properties of glued laminated timber made from tropical small-diameter logs grown in indonesia10.5658/WOOD.2015.43.2.156 ↗
7. Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) (2008). JAS for Glued Laminated Timber, Japanese Agricultural Standard. (In Japanese).
8. Recent research and development on sugi (Japanese cedar) structural glued laminated timber10.1007/s10086-015-1475-x ↗
9. Wong, W.C., and Wong, C.N. (1980). Grouping species in plywood manufacture, Proceedings of the 11th Commenwealth Forestry Conference, Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries: Trinidad Tobago.
10. SáRibeiro, R.A., and SáRibeiro, M.G. (1990). Mechanical properties of amazonian lumber for the development of design stresses. Proceedings of the International Timber Engineering Conference, The University of Tokyo Forests (UTF).
11. Experimental and theoretical analyses of iroko wood laminates10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.049 ↗
12. Experimental evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated guaduaangustifoliakunth10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.056 ↗
13. Quality improvement of laminated board made from oil palm trunk at various outer layer using phenol formaldehyde adhesive10.1088/1757-899X/309/1/012049 ↗
14. The experimental study on laminated beam by mahang and meranti wood with variations connectors
15. Ong, C.B. (2018). Performance of Glue-Laminated Beams from Malaysian Dark Red Meranti Timber. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bath, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering].
16. ASTM International (2007). ASTM D143—94. Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber, ASTM International.
17. (2001). EN 385 Finger Jointed Structural Timber-Performance Requirements and Minimum Production Requirements, European Committee for Standardization.
18. BSI 2014 (2014). ISO 9869-1:2014: Thermal Insulation-Building Elements-Insitu Measurement of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance; Part 1: Heat Flow Meter Method, BSI.
19. Role of airtightness in energy loss from windows: Experimental results from in-situ tests10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.027 ↗
20. Accurate and reliable U-value assessment of argon-filled double glazed windows: A numerical and experimental investigation10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.04.036 ↗
21. Bergman, T., Lavine, A., Incropera, F., and De Witt, D. (2011). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons. [7th ed.].
22. Effects of the improvement in thermal conductivity coefficient bynano-wollastonite on physical and mechanical properties in medium-density fiber board (MDF)
23. Taghiyari, H.R., Norton, J., and Tajvidi, M. (2017). Effects of nano-materials. Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group.
24. Taghiyari, H.R., Soltani, A., Esmailpour, A., Hassani, V., Gholipour, H., and Papadopoulos, A.N. (2020). Improving thermal conductivity coefficient in oriented strand lumber (OSL) using sepiolite. Nanomaterials, 10.10.3390/nano10040599 ↗
25. (2021, February 01). TESTO 635-2 Temperature & Moisture Meter. Available online: https://www.testo.com/en-US/testo-635-2/p/0563-6352.
26. BSI Standards (2017). BS EN ISO 10077-2: 2017 BSI Standards Publication Thermal Performance of Windows, Doors and Shutters—Calculation of Thermal Transmittance, BSI.
27. Cluster analysis and adaptation study for safflower genotypes
28. Effects of dry ice on gas permeability of nano-silver-impregnated Populusnigra and Fagusorientalis10.1049/iet-nbt.2011.0048 ↗
29. Wollastonite to hinder growth of aspergillusniger on cotton textile10.1590/0001-3765201820170914 ↗
30. The effects of agroforestry practices on vessel properties in Populus nigra Var. betulifolia10.1163/22941932-90000037 ↗
31. Effects of initial spacing on gas permeability of Populus nigra Var. betulifolia
32. Diameter increment response of Populus nigra Var. betulifolia induced by alfalfa
33. Comparison of thermal properties of selected wood species intended to woodwork windows production
34. Šilinskas, B., Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, I., Aleinikovas, M., Beniušienė, L., Aleinikovienė, J., and Škėma, M. (2020). Scots pine and norway spruce wood properties at sites with different stand densities. Forests, 11.10.3390/f11050587 ↗
35. Shear strength of heat-treated solid wood bonded with polyvinyl-acetate reinforced by nanowollastonite10.37763/wr.1336-4561/65.2.183194 ↗
36. Taghiyari, H.R., Majidi, R., Mohseni Armaki, S.M., and Haghighatparast, M.R. (2020). Graphene as reinforcing filler in polyvinyl acetate resin. J. Int. Adhes. Adhes., Accepted.
37. Pizzi, A., Papadopoulos, A., and Policardi, F. (2020). Wood Composites and Their Polymer Binders. Polymers, 12.10.3390/polym12051115 ↗
38. The effect of acetylation on bending strength of finger jointed beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.)10.1007/s00107-007-0223-3 ↗
39. Mixed glued laminated timber of poplar and eucalyptus grandis clones10.1007/s00107-003-0393-6 ↗
40. Bending strength properties of glued laminated timber from selected Malaysian hardwood timber
41. Forest Products Laboratory (2010). Wood Handbook-Wood as an Engineering Material, USDA Forest Service Forest Products.
42. Laminating effects in glued-laminated timber beams10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:12(1857) ↗
43. Assessing the integrity of glued-laminated timber elements10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.064 ↗
44. Frihart, C.R., and Hunt, C.G. (2010). Adhesives with wood materials: Bond formation and performance. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Products Laboratory.
45. Selbo, M.L. (1975). Adhesive Bonding of Wood, Forest Service.
46. Survey of selected adhesive bonding properties of nine European softwood and hardwood species10.1007/s00107-016-1087-1 ↗
47. Structural bonding of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): Resistance to delamination and performance in shearing tests10.1007/s00107-014-0778-8 ↗
48. CAN/CSA 0122-16 (2016). CSA Structural Glued-Laminated Timber, Canadian Standards Association.
49. Dinwoodie, J.M. (1981). Timber: Its Nature and Behavior, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd.
50. Walker, J.C.F., Butterfield, B.G., Langrish, T.A.G., Harris, J.M., and Uprichard, J.M. (1993). Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practise, Chapman & Hall Ltd.10.1007/978-94-015-8110-3 ↗