The CRATI Project: New Insights on the Consolidation of Salt Weathered Stone and the Case Study of San Domenico Church in Cosenza (South Calabria, Italy)
Source abstract
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimentation carried out on stone materials in the framework of the CRATI project (Knowledge and Restoration through Advanced Integrated Technologies) aimed at testing new products with consolidating properties by means of an integrated methodological approach. After the preliminary characterization of stone materials collected in the pilot site, the second stage of the activities within the project were focused on the formulation and testing of products for the conservation of the same materials against decay, especially salt crystallization, one of the most aggressive and common degrading processes. The San Domenico Church, located in the old town of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy) has been chosen as the pilot site and for the in situ tests. Several specimens with the same features of the stone materials used in San Domenico church were collected from a historical quarry near the city of Cosenza. These specimens were treated and then artificially degraded by salt crystallization tests in order to evaluate their susceptibility to weathering intensity. Three different consolidating products were used; respectively, two commercial and another one formulated in laboratory: (a) a suspension of nanosilica (Nano Estel®); (b) a suspension of nanolime (CaLoSiL®), and (c) a suspension of nano calcium-hydroxide dispersed in isopropyl alcohol and then mixed with diammonium hydrogen phosphate. A systematic approach, including minero-petrographic, geochemical and physico-mechanical techniques, was applied to evaluate (a) the nature and main features of materials; (b) the efficacy of consolidating treatments, and (c) the resistance of treated stone to the salt crystallization processes. The tested products demonstrated a significant efficiency to consolidate and protect stone material samples, enhancing their resistance to salt crystallization. Thus, such a case history may be useful in order to plan appropriate restoration interventions that consider the interactions between the building stone and the protective/consolidating product.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Building materials and conservation · Conservation Techniques and Studies · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Arvedi Laboratory of Non-Invasive Diagnostics, University of Pavia, 26100 Cremona, Italy
YOuth in COnservation of CUltural Heritage, YOCOCU, 00175 Rome, Italy
Department of Musicology and Cultural Heritage, University of Pavia, 26100 Cremona, Italy
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
Funding
POR CALABRIA FESR-FSE 2014-2020. ASSE I – PROMOZIONE DELLA RICERCA E DELL'INNOVAZIONE
References (45)
Show source-provided references
1. La Russa, M.F., Rovella, N., Ruffolo, S.A., Scarciglia, F., Macchia, A., Licchelli, M., Malagodi, M., Khalilli, F., and Randazzo, L. (2019). Consolidation of earthen building materials: A comparative study. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci.10.1007/s12520-019-00821-8 ↗
2. New insights on the consolidation of salt weathered limestone: The case study of Modica stone10.1007/s10064-015-0782-1 ↗
3. Cappadocian ignimbrite cave churches: Stone degradation and conservation strategies
4. Lazzarini, L., and Laurenzi Tabasso, M. (1986). II Restauro della Pietra, Casa Editrice Dott Antonio Milan.
5. Laboratory simulation showing the influence of salt efflorescence on the weathering of composite building materials10.1007/s00254-008-1332-y ↗
6. How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00381-1 ↗
7. Quantification of salt weathering in porous stones using an experimental continuos partial immersion method10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00020-5 ↗
8. Salt damage in porous materials: How high supersaturations are generated10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01429-X ↗
9. Salt crystallization in pores: Quantification and estimation of damage10.1007/s00254-006-0474-z ↗
10. Influence of temperature and salt concentration on the salt weathering of a sedimentary stone with sodium sulphate10.1144/SP333.4 ↗
11. Rodolico, F. (1995). Le pietre delle città d’Italia, Felice Le Monnier. [2nd ed.].
12. Bruno, E. (1995). Scalpellini di Calabria—I Cantieri e le Scuole, La petite Académie.
13. Lico, A. (2015). Materiali Lapidei e Cave di Approvvigionamento Degli Scalpellini Roglianesi: Risorse in Calabria e Nella Provincia di Cosenza. La Pietra, Il Mestiere e L’arte del Decorare. Storia Della Lavorazione Della Pietra Nella Provincia di Cosenza, Pellegrini Editore.
14. Valtieri, S. (2002). L’architettura dei Domenicani in Storia della Calabria nel Rinascimento. Le Arti Nella Storia, Gangemi.
15. Esposito, G.L. (1974). San Domenico di Cosenza (MD, n. s. V), Iliesi Ed.
16. Un metodo geochimico per la determinazione della provenienza di lapidei macroscopicamente omogenei. Un esempio di applicazione sui monumenti del centro storico di Cosenza
17. Deep-Water Coral Banks: An Example from the “Calcare di Mendicino” (Upper Miocene, Northern Calabria, Italy)10.1007/BF02667704 ↗
18. Gabriele, S. (2000). Geological Map of Calabria, scale 1:330,000. Valutazione delle Piene in Calabria. Caratteristiche Morfometriche dei Bacini della Calabria, Rubbettino.
19. Sedimentation, deformational events and eustacy in the perithyrrenian Amantea Basin: Preliminary synthesis
20. Forestieri, G., Tedesco, A., Ponte, M., and Olivito, R.S. (2016, January 16–18). Local building stones used in Calabrian architecture: Calcarenite and sandstone of the Thyrrenian Coastal Range of Cosenza Province (Italy). Proceedings of the XIV International Forum Le Vie dei Mercanti: World Heritage and Degradation, Smart Design, Planning and Technologies, Aversa/Naples/Capri, Italy.
21. Consolidation of bio-calcarenite stone by treatment based on diammonium hydrogenphosphate and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles10.1016/j.measurement.2018.06.007 ↗
22. (1993). Normal 43/93L: Misure Colorimetriche di Superfici Opache. Raccomandazioni Normal: Alterazioni dei Materiali Lapidei e Trattamenti Conservativi: Proposte per L’unificazione dei Metodi Sperimentali di Studio e di Controllo, ICR.
23. Standardization of peeling test for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces
24. (2002). Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock, ASTM International. ASTM D5731.
25. (2001). Natural Stone Test Methods-Determination of Resistance to Salt Crystallization, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 12370.
26. Ham, W.E. (1962). Spectral Subdivision of Limestone Types. M 1: Classification of Carbonate Rocks—A Symposium, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.10.1306/M1357 ↗
27. Ham, W.E. (1962). Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture. M 1: Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.10.1306/M1357 ↗
28. Wilson, M.J. (1994). Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods, Chapman & Hall.10.1007/978-94-011-0727-3 ↗
29. The effects of air pollution on cultural heritage: The case study of Santa Maria delle Grazie al Naviglio Grande (Milan)
30. The colors of the Fontana di Trevi: An analytical approach10.1080/15583058.2017.1383533 ↗
31. Black crusts on Venetian built heritage, investigation on the impact of pollution sources on their composition
32. Impact of air pollution in deterioration of carbonate building materials in Italian urban environments10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.002 ↗
33. Study of the effects of salt crystallization on degradation of limestone rocks
34. Aesthetic thresholds and blackening of stone buildings10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.009 ↗
35. Analytical investigation of calcium oxalate films on marble monuments
36. Oxalate patinas on ancient monument: the biological hypothesis10.1007/BF02450015 ↗
37. (2001). UNI 10921:2001 Beni Culturali—Materiali Lapidei Naturali ed Artificiali—Prodotti Idrorepellenti—Applicazione su Provini e Determinazione in Laboratorio delle Loro Caratteristiche, UNI.
38. Threshold and suprathreshold perceptual color differences10.1364/JOSA.63.000615 ↗
39. The behaviour of consolidated Neapolitan yellow Tuff against salt weathering10.1007/s10064-016-0874-6 ↗
40. Salt weathering in dual-porosity building dolostones10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.08.003 ↗
41. Salt crystallization and rock weathering: A review
42. Durability estimation of porous building stones from pore structure and strength10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.03.005 ↗
43. Salt influence on evaporation from porous building rocks10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00100-9 ↗
44. Conservation of weathered historic sandstone with biomimetic apatite10.1007/s11434-012-5039-9 ↗
45. Biomimic conservation of weathered calcareous stones by apatite10.1039/c0nj00783h ↗