Recent Advances in Magnetocaloric Effect of High-Entropy Alloys
Source abstract
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs), as a novel class of materials, have attracted widespread attention in the field of materials science due to their unique multi-element high-concentration mixing design. Recent research has found that this alloy mixing strategy not only exhibits excellent performance in structural properties but also shows potential in functional materials. This review summarizes the progress of research on HEAs in the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) area, first introducing the basic principles of MCE and the related concepts of HEAs. It then summarizes the research progress of rare-earth HEAs, non-rare-earth HEAs, and rare-earth-transition metal composite HEAs in MCE. Finally, this review outlines future research directions for HEAs in the MCE field, laying the groundwork for further applications of HEAs in the magnetocaloric field.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: High Entropy Alloys Studies · High-Temperature Coating Behaviors · Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Chemical Engineering, Jilin Industrial Vocational Technical College, Jilin 130001, China
College of Mechanical Engineering, Changchun Technical University of Automobile, Changchun 130013, China
College of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237010, China
Funding
the Research Project of the Scientific Research and Industry Department, Jilin Provincial Department of Education · 2024 Anhui Provincial University Scientific Research Project · 2024 Provincial Department of Education Science and Engineering Teachers’ Internship Program in Enterprises
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Heat treatments of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy: A review10.1007/s12540-024-01812-8 ↗
2. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes10.1002/adem.200300567 ↗
3. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257 ↗
4. Fan, R., Zhao, S., Wang, L., Wang, L., and Guo, E. (2023). Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiNb0.2Mo0.2 high entropy alloy. Materials, 16.10.3390/ma16113987 ↗
5. The structural and thermodynamic analysis of phase formation processes in equiatomic AlCoCuFeNiCr high-entropy alloys10.1007/s11665-020-05250-6 ↗
6. Machine learning accelerated design of non-equiatomic refractory high entropy alloys based on first principles calculation10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111608 ↗
7. Thermodynamic evaluation of the phase stability in mechanically alloyed AlCuxNiCoTi high-entropy alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169772 ↗
8. Alloying behavior of iron, gold and silver in AlCoCrCuNi-based equimolar high-entropy alloys10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.122 ↗
9. Influence of aging heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co29Cr31Cu4Mn15Ni21 high-entropy alloys strengthened by nano-precipitates10.1016/j.msea.2024.147508 ↗
10. Architecture design and strengthening-toughening mechanisms in heterogeneous-structured medium/high entropy alloys10.1360/TB-2024-0436 ↗
11. A novel L12-strengthened single crystal high entropy alloy with excellent high-temperature mechanical properties10.1016/j.matchar.2024.113958 ↗
12. Heterogeneous structure and dual precipitates induced excellent strength-ductility combination in CoCrNiTi0.1 medium entropy alloy10.1016/j.msea.2024.146992 ↗
13. An excellent synergy in yield strength and plasticity of NbTiZrTa0.25Cr0.4 refractory high entropy alloy through the regulation of cooling rates10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106409 ↗
14. The relationship between thermo-mechanical history, microstructure and mechanical properties in additively manufactured CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.052 ↗
15. Multi-scale microstructure strengthening strategy in CoCrFeNiNb0.1Mo0.3 high entropy alloy overcoming strength-ductility trade-off10.1016/j.msea.2023.145446 ↗
16. Enhancing fatigue life by ductile-transformable multicomponent B2 precipitates in a high-entropy alloy10.1038/s41467-021-23689-6 ↗
17. The Mo-14Re alloy, a promising candidate material for bioresorbable vascular scaffolds10.1016/j.actbio.2025.08.015 ↗
18. Microstructure and phase chemistry of vacuum induction melting fabricated-equimolar AlCoCrFeNi HEA during spinodal dissolution annealing10.30880/ijie.2024.16.06.014 ↗
19. Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of AlCoCrFeNi–ZrO2 high entropy alloy composites prepared with mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering10.1007/s10800-023-01968-y ↗
20. Research on microstructure, mechanical property and wear mechanism of AlCoCrFeNi/WC composite coating fabricated by HVOF10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110149 ↗
21. Unleashing the microstructural evolutions during hot deformation of as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy10.1016/j.intermet.2024.108253 ↗
22. Corrosion behavior of AlCoCrFeNix high entropy alloys10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141844 ↗
23. High-temperature oxidation behavior and corrosion resistance of in-situ TiC and Mo reinforced AlCoCrFeNi-based high entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.198 ↗
24. Fabrication of spatially-variable heterostructured CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy by laser processing10.1016/j.msea.2024.146272 ↗
25. Enhancement in impact toughness of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy via nitrogen addition10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167615 ↗
26. Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 410 stainless steel filler metal10.1016/j.msea.2022.144025 ↗
27. Study on high-temperature oxidation of TiZrHfNbTaV high-entropy alloy10.1016/j.matlet.2024.135907 ↗
28. Mechanical instability and tensile properties of TiZrHfNbTa high entropy alloy at cryogenic temperatures10.1016/j.actamat.2020.10.044 ↗
29. Strong and ductile FeNiCoAl-based high-entropy alloys for cryogenic to elevated temperature multifunctional applications10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118449 ↗
30. Progress and perspective of high-entropy strategy applied in layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for high-energy and long cycle life sodium-ion batteries10.1002/adfm.202417258 ↗
31. High entropy ceramics for electromagnetic functional materials10.1002/adfm.202416673 ↗
32. Advanced magnetocaloric materials for energy conversion: Recent progress, opportunities, and perspective10.1002/aenm.202400369 ↗
33. Magnetocaloric effect: From materials research to refrigeration devices10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.005 ↗
34. Effect of Al doping on magnetocaloric effect and mechanical properties of La(FeSi)13-based alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174398 ↗
35. Zarkevich, N.A., and Zverev, V.I. (2020). Viable materials with a giant magnetocaloric effect. Crystals, 10.10.3390/cryst10090815 ↗
36. Research progress in magnetocaloric effect materials10.7498/aps.65.217502 ↗
37. Hysteresis design of magnetocaloric materials—From basic mechanisms to applications10.1002/ente.201800264 ↗
38. Achievement of giant cryogenic refrigerant capacity in quinary rare-earths based high-entropy amorphous alloy10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.028 ↗
39. Review of magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect in the intermetallic compounds of rare earth with low boiling point metals10.1088/1674-1056/25/3/037502 ↗
40. Review of the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in ternary rare earth RE2T2X type intermetallic compounds10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.02.175 ↗
41. Effect of nano WC on wear and corrosion resistances of CoCrFeNiTi high entropy alloy coating10.1007/s11665-023-09125-4 ↗
42. Shi, X., Liang, H., and Li, Y. (2025). Effect of Si content on phase structure, microstructure, and corrosion resistance of FeCrNiAl0.7Cu0.3Six high-entropy alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution. Coatings, 15.10.3390/coatings15030342 ↗
43. Synthesis, characterizations, and magnetic properties of FeCoNiTi-based high-entropy alloys10.1007/s42247-020-00110-4 ↗
44. Review on magnetocaloric high-entropy alloys: Design and analysis methods10.1557/s43578-022-00712-0 ↗
45. Multicomponent and high entropy alloys10.3390/e16094749 ↗
46. Xi, R., and Li, Y. (2024). Influence of Si content on the microstructure, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of FeCoNiCrAl0.7Cu0.3Six high entropy alloy. Coatings, 14.10.3390/coatings14101309 ↗
47. Corrosion behavior of as-cladding Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5Six high entropy alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2023-0221 ↗
48. Irradiation performance of high entropy ceramics: A comprehensive comparison with conventional ceramics and high entropy alloys10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101250 ↗
49. Exploring thermodynamic, physical and radiative interaction properties of quinary FeNiCoCr high entropy alloys (HEAs): A multi-directional characterization study10.1088/1402-4896/ad804f ↗
50. Effect of Al addition on the corrosion behavior of Al CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys in supercritical water10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111089 ↗
51. Liu, J.-T., Liu, S.-W., Zheng, H.-L., Huang, W.-J., Zhao, W., and Liao, W.-B. (2021). Effects of transient thermal shock on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy coatings. Front. Mater., 8.10.3389/fmats.2021.805296 ↗
52. A novel Co-free high-entropy alloy with excellent antimicrobial and mechanical properties10.1007/s12598-024-02957-6 ↗
53. Mechanical and microstructural response of the Al0.5CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy to Si and Ni ion irradiation10.1016/j.nme.2020.100813 ↗
54. A high-entropy alloy syntactic foam with exceptional cryogenic and dynamic properties10.1016/j.msea.2023.145146 ↗
55. High-pressure high-temperature tailoring of high entropy alloys for extreme environments10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.216 ↗
56. Sonal, S., and Lee, J. (2021). Recent advances in additive manufacturing of high entropy alloys and their nuclear and wear-resistant applications. Metals, 11.10.3390/met11121980 ↗
57. Kong, F., Inoue, A., Wang, F., and Chang, C. (2024). The influence of boron and carbon addition on the glass formation and mechanical properties of high entropy (Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo)-(B, C) glassy alloys. Coatings, 14.10.3390/coatings14010118 ↗
58. Sfikas, A.K., Kamnis, S., Tse, M.C.H., Christofidou, K.A., Gonzalez, S., Karantzalis, A.E., and Georgatis, E. (2023). Microstructural evaluation of thermal-sprayed CoCrFeMnNi0.8V high-entropy alloy coatings. Coatings, 13.10.3390/coatings13061004 ↗
59. Shi, Y., Li, R., and Lei, Z. (2022). Influences of synthetic parameters on morphology and growth of high entropy oxide nanotube arrays. Coatings, 13.10.3390/coatings13010046 ↗
60. Ab initio predicted alloying effects on the elastic properties of AlxHf1−xNbTaTiZr high entropy alloys10.3390/coatings5030366 ↗
61. Cui, K., and Zhang, Y. (2023). High-entropy alloy films. Coatings, 13.10.3390/coatings13030635 ↗
62. Phase stability in high entropy alloys: Formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60080-X ↗
63. Load redistribution in eutectic high entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi2.1 during high temperature deformation10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101392 ↗
64. Development of MoNbVTax refractory high entropy alloy with high strength at elevated temperature10.1016/j.msea.2022.143554 ↗
65. Enhanced mechanical properties of high pressure solidified CoCrFeNiMo0.3 high entropy alloy via nano-precipitated phase10.1016/j.intermet.2024.108192 ↗
66. High entropy alloy nanoparticles dual-decorated with nitrogen-doped carbon and carbon nanotubes as promising electrocatalysts for lithium–sulfur batteries10.1016/j.jmst.2023.11.063 ↗
67. High entropy ceramics for applications in extreme environments10.1088/2515-7639/ad2ec5 ↗
68. Microstructures and properties of FeCrAlMoSi high entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding on a titanium alloy substrate10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.130437 ↗
69. Magnetic properties of high entropy oxides10.1039/D0DT04154H ↗
70. Effect of A-site rare-earth ions on structure and magnetic properties of novel (Ln0.2Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2)MnO3 (Ln = Eu, Ho, Yb) high-entropy perovskite ceramics10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.345 ↗
71. Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic high entropy alloys: A review10.1016/j.jmmm.2025.173148 ↗
72. High-entropy rare earth materials: Synthesis, application and outlook10.1039/D2CS01030E ↗
73. A comprehensive review: Recent progress on magnetic high entropy alloys and oxides10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169142 ↗
74. High-entropy functional materials10.1557/jmr.2018.323 ↗
75. A short review of structural, mechanical and magnetic properties of high and medium entropy alloys added rare earth elements10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113264 ↗
76. Effect of heat treatment time on the microstructure and properties of FeCoNiCuTi high-entropy alloy10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.078 ↗
77. Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Ti high entropy alloys: A review of microstructural and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.178216 ↗
78. Effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure and properties of FeCoNiCuTi high–entropy alloy10.1007/s12666-022-02665-8 ↗
79. Recent progress in high-entropy metallic glasses10.1016/j.jmst.2023.03.031 ↗
80. Microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of AlxCrFeCoNiCu high-entropy alloy coatings on aluminum by laser cladding10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106632 ↗
81. Clarifying the four core effects of high-entropy materials10.1038/s41570-024-00602-5 ↗
82. Effect of volumetric energy density on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of laser-additive-manufactured AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.178032 ↗
83. Ding, H., Zhang, Q., and Yao, K. (2024). Composition design strategy for high entropy amorphous alloys. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17020453 ↗
84. Characterization of the magnetocaloric effect in RMn6Sn6 including high-entropy forms10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129230 ↗
85. Magnetocaloric effect of rare earth nitrides10.1109/TMAG.2008.2002586 ↗
86. New magnetic refrigeration materials for temperature range from 165 K to 235 K10.1016/S0925-8388(00)00852-5 ↗
87. Rare-earth high-entropy alloys with giant magnetocaloric effect10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.021 ↗
88. Effect of Sc addition on magnetocaloric properties of GdTbDyHo high-entropy alloys10.1002/adem.202300616 ↗
89. Magnetic heat pumping near room temperature10.1063/1.323176 ↗
90. Giant magnetocaloric effect in Gd5(Si2Ge2)10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4494 ↗
91. Reduction of hysteresis losses in the magnetic refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the addition of iron10.1038/nature02657 ↗
92. Large magnetocaloric effect in Gd36Y20Al24Co20 bulk metallic glass10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.03.101 ↗
93. Effect of Gd doping on the microstructure and magnetocaloric properties of LaFe11.5Si1.5 alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164858 ↗
94. Microstructural and magnetic properties of Mn-Fe-P-Si (Fe2P-type) magnetocaloric compounds10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.040 ↗
95. Structural and magnetic properties of Mn1.25Fe0.7P0.5Si0.5 alloys prepared by spark plasma sintering using raw materials milled with different lengths of time10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176378 ↗
96. Physical mechanisms of large magnetocaloric effects in Mn1.95-FeP0.5Si0.5 alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180345 ↗
97. Multi-phase transition behavior over a wide temperature range in magnetocaloric (Mn, Fe, Ni)2(P, Si) alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176140 ↗
98. Large reversible high-temperature magnetocaloric effect in alloys10.1016/j.ssc.2010.02.022 ↗
99. Collective magnetism of a single-crystalline nanocomposite FeCoCrMnAl high-entropy alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158115 ↗
100. Effect of mechanical milling and sintering on magnetic entropy of Ni-based Ni2CuCrFeAlx (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5) high entropy alloys10.1080/01411594.2022.2048656 ↗