journal article·2024-11-19Open access

Ball-on-Disk Wear Maps for Bearing Steel–Hard Anodized EN AW-6082 Aluminum Alloy Tribocouple in Dry Sliding Conditions

Enrico Baroni, Annalisa Fortini, Lorenzo Meo, Chiara Soffritti, Mattia Merlin, Gian Luca Garagnani

Coatings· Volume 14· Issue 11

Abstract

In recent years, Golden Hard Anodizing (G.H.A.®) has been developed as a variant of the traditional hard anodizing process with the addition of Ag+ ions in the nanoporous structure. The tribological properties of this innovative surface treatment are still not well understood. In this study, ball-on-disk tests were conducted in dry sliding conditions using 100Cr6 (AISI 52100) bearing steel balls as a counterbody and GHA®-anodized EN AW-6082 aluminum alloy disks. The novelty of this work lies in the mapping of the wear properties of the tribocouple under different test conditions for a better comparison of the results. Three different normal loads (equal to 5, 10, and 15 N) and three different reciprocating frequencies (equal to 2, 3, and 4 Hz) were selected to investigate a spectrum of operating conditions for polished and unpolished G.H.A.®-anodized EN AW-6082 aluminum alloy. Quantitative wear maps were built based on the resulting wear rate values to define the critical operating limits of the considered tribocouple. The results suggest that the coefficient of friction (COF) was independent of test conditions, while different wear maps were found for polished and non-polished surfaces. Polishing before anodizing permitted the acquisition of lower wear for the anodized disks and the steel balls.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis · Metal Alloys Wear and Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Engineering (DE), University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

Funding

University of Ferrara (Ferrara, Italy)

References (49)

Show source-provided references
1. A Map for Wear Mechanisms in Aluminium Alloys10.1007/BF00576038 ↗
2. Study on the Sliding Wear Map of Cylinder Liner—Piston Ring Based on Various Operating Parameters10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108632 ↗
3. Classification of Wear Mechanisms/Models10.1243/135065002762355280 ↗
4. Wear-Rate Transitions and Their Relationship to Wear Mechanisms10.1016/0001-6160(87)90016-2 ↗
5. Recent Developments in Wear-Mechanism Maps10.1016/S0301-679X(98)00011-5 ↗
6. Wear Prediction of Ceramics10.1016/j.wear.2003.11.002 ↗
7. Wear Maps of HIP Sintered Si3N4/MLG Nanocomposites for Unlike Paired Tribosystems under Ball-on-Disc Dry Sliding Conditions10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.05.005 ↗
8. Bhushan, B. (2001). Wear Maps. Modern Tribology Handbook, CRC Press.10.1201/9780849377877 ↗
9. Special Use of the Ball on Disc Standard Test10.1016/j.triboint.2005.03.011 ↗
10. Express Investigations of Wear Processes by Means of Cylindrical Counterbodies. Part I: Calculations and Technique10.1016/0043-1648(94)90349-2 ↗
11. The Dry Wear of Steels I. The General Pattern of Behaviour
12. Mapping Rail Wear Regimes and Transitions10.1016/j.wear.2004.03.019 ↗
13. Rolling Contact Fatigue and Wear of Two Different Rail Steels under Rolling–Sliding Contact10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.10.012 ↗
14. A Pin-on-Disk Wear Map of Rail and Wheel Materials from Different Standards10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131021 ↗
15. Jahanmir, S. (1993). Friction and Wear of Ceramics, CRC Press.10.1201/9781482277555 ↗
16. Wear Map of Ceramics10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07363-2 ↗
18. Ceramics Wear Maps: Concept and Method Development
19. Effect of Aluminum Anodizing in Phosphoric Acid Electrolyte on Adhesion Strength and Thermal Performance10.1007/s12540-015-5426-2 ↗
20. Comparative Study of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alumina Coatings Formed on Aluminium in Various Conditions10.1016/j.matdes.2009.02.005 ↗
21. Wear Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings Fabricated on 5005 and 6061 Aluminum Alloys10.1007/s43452-024-00866-0 ↗
22. Sheasby, P.G., Pinner, R., and Wernick, S. (2001). The Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminium and Its Alloys, ASM International.
23. Tribological Properties of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Film10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.056 ↗
24. Aluminum Alloy AA2024 Anodized from the Mixed Acid System with Enhanced Mechanical Properties10.1016/j.surfin.2018.08.003 ↗
25. Chen, L., Liu, Z., Wang, B., Song, Q., Wan, Y., and Chen, L. (2019). Surface Characterization and Tribological Performance of Anodizing Micro-Textured Aluminum-Silicon Alloys. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12111862 ↗
26. Soffritti, C., Fortini, A., Nastruzzi, A., Sola, R., Merlin, M., and Garagnani, G.L. (2021). Dry Sliding Behavior of an Aluminum Alloy after Innovative Hard Anodizing Treatments. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14123281 ↗
27. Santecchia, E., Cabibbo, M., Hamouda, A.M.S., Musharavati, F., Popelka, A., and Spigarelli, S. (2020). Dry Sliding Tribological Properties of a Hard Anodized Aa6082 Aluminum Alloy. Metals, 10.10.3390/met10020207 ↗
28. Characteristics and Tribological Behavior of the Hard Anodized 6061-T6 Al Alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155988 ↗
29. Mechanical and Frictional Behaviour of Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminium10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.08.066 ↗
30. Enhancement in Sustained Friction and Wear Resistance of Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Films Obtained by Controlled Electrochemical Oxidation Process10.1039/C9RA05702A ↗
31. Anodizing of AA6082-T5 by Conventional and Innovative Treatments: Microstructural Characterization and Dry Sliding Behaviour10.1016/j.wear.2020.203423 ↗
32. Ikeda, T., Kinju, T., and Matsuo, Y. (2008). Method for Surface Treatment of Aluminum or Aluminum Alloys. (1207220B1), EU Patent.
33. An Extension of the Hertz Theory for 2D Coated Components10.1007/s11249-005-3611-z ↗
34. The Effect of Thin Hard Coatings on the Hertzian Stress Field10.1080/01418618208236213 ↗
35. Axi-Symmetric Contact on Thin Compliant Coatings10.1016/0022-5096(81)90018-1 ↗
36. Tribological Contact Analysis of a Rigid Ball Sliding on a Hard Coated Surface10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.03.040 ↗
37. Ortega-álvarez, R., Hernández-Sierra, M.T., Aguilera-Camacho, L.D., Bravo-Sánchez, M.G., Moreno, K.J., and García-Miranda, J.S. (2022). Tribological Performance of 100Cr6/8620 Steel Bearing System under Green Oil Lubrication. Metals, 12.10.3390/met12020362 ↗
38. Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Anodic Al Coatings as a Function of Anodizing Conditions10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128652 ↗
39. Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus 1
40. Influence of Apparent Pressure on Wear Behavior of Self-Mated Alumina10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01376.x ↗
41. Wear of Advanced Ceramics10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00240-5 ↗
42. Preventing Cracking of Anodized Coatings
43. Effects of Pre-Treatment on the Growth Rate and Morphology of Hard Anodic Films on Aluminium (EN AW-6082)10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.052 ↗
44. Influence of the Nanoporous Alumina Layer Characteristics on the Tribological Behaviour of EN AW-6082 Aluminum Alloy Treated by an Innovative Hard Anodizing Process
45. An Investigation into the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation and Hard-Anodized Coatings on 6082 Aluminum Alloy10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.032 ↗
46. The Cracking Behavior of Anodic Films on Cast Aluminum Alloy after Heating in the Temperature Range up to 300 °C10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.03.008 ↗
47. A Better Approach to Wear-Rate Representation in Non-Conformal Contacts10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00405-0 ↗
48. Effect of Contact Pressure and Load on Wear of Alumina10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00739-6 ↗
49. On Data Dispersion in Pin-on-Disk Wear Tests10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00066-2 ↗