High Efficiency Fluorinated Oligo(ethylenesuccinamide) Coating for Stone
Source abstract
Abstract
The protection of stone cultural assets is related to the transformation of the surface characteristic from hydrophilic to hydrophobic/superhydrophobic through the application of a coating. The suitability of a coating depends not only on its capability to dramatically change the surface wettability, but also on other parameters such as the modification of kinetics of water absorption, the permanence of vapor diffusivity, the resistance of the coating to aging and the low volatile organic compound emissions during its application. In this work, an oligo(ethylensuccinamide) containing low molecular pendant perfluoropolyether segments (SC2-PFPE) and soluble in environmentally friendly solvents was tested as a protective agent for historic stone artifacts. Magnetic resonance imaging and relaxometry were employed to evaluate the effects of the surface wettability change, to follow the water diffusion inside the rock and to study the porous structure evolution after the application of SC2-PFPE. A sun-like irradiation test was used to investigate the photo-stability of the product. The results demonstrate that the highly photo-stable SC2-PFPE minimizes the surface wettability of the stone by modifying the water sorptivity without significantly affecting its porous structure and vapor diffusivity. The improved performance of SC2-PFPE in comparison to other traditional coatings makes it a potential candidate as an advanced coating for stone cultural heritage protection.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Building materials and conservation · NMR spectroscopy and applications · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, 50121 Florence, Italy
Department DICAM, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy
Institute of Culture and Heritage, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentina, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
References (64)
Show source-provided references
1. Dümcke, C., and Gnedovsky, M. (2013). The Social and Economic Value of Cultural Heritage: Literature Review, Interarts. European Expert Network on Culture (EENC) Paper.
2. Amoroso, G.G., and Fassina, V. (1983). Stone Decay and Conservation, Elsevier.
3. Doehne, E., and Price, C.A. (2010). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research, The Getty Conservation Institute. [2nd ed.].
4. Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., and Vollbrecht, A. (2002). Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, The Geological Society.10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.01 ↗
5. Air pollution, coatings, and cultural resources10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.05.001 ↗
6. Impact of air pollution in deterioration of carbonate building materials in Italian urban environments10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.002 ↗
7. Effect of dry deposition of NOx and SO2 gaseous pollutants on the degradation of calcareous building stones10.1016/0960-1686(92)90288-V ↗
8. Stone deterioration characterization for its conservation
9. Strain measurements during capillary water infiltration in porous limestones10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.182 ↗
10. Critical degree of saturation: A control factor of freeze–thaw damage of porous limestones at Castle of Chambord, France10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.11.018 ↗
11. Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: Ice formation process in pores10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00103-3 ↗
12. Weathering of marbles and granites in marine environment: Petrophysical properties and special role of atmospheric salts10.1007/s002540000157 ↗
13. Salt-induced decay in calcareous stone monuments and buildings in a marine environment in SW France10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00104-6 ↗
14. Salt crytallization as damage in porous building materials—A nuclear magnetic resonance study10.1016/j.mri.2004.11.023 ↗
15. Horie, C.V. (2010). Materials for Conservation—Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings, Butterworth-Heinemann—Elsevier. [2nd ed.].
16. Testing the effectiveness of protective coatings on traditional bricks10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.114 ↗
17. Assessment of synthetic polymeric coatings for the protection and preservation of stone monuments10.1016/j.culher.2006.06.007 ↗
18. Polymeric coatings for protection of historic monument: Opportunities and challenges10.1002/app.29801 ↗
19. Princi, E. (2014). Handbook of Polymers in Stone Conservation, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.
20. Hydrophobic treatments for stone conservation—Influence of the application method on penetration, distribution and efficiency10.1179/sic.2003.48.4.217 ↗
21. Performance evolution of hydrophobic treatments for stone conservation investigated by MRI10.1016/S0730-725X(01)00281-8 ↗
22. Indicators and ratings for the compatibility assessment of conservation actions10.1016/j.culher.2006.04.007 ↗
23. Evaluation of polymers for conservation treatments of outdoor exposed stone monuments. Part I: Photo-oxidative weathering10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.08.012 ↗
24. Water-repellent treatments for building stones: A practical overview10.2307/1504480 ↗
25. Chemistry for the conservation of the cultural heritage10.1016/0048-9697(94)90537-1 ↗
26. Stahl, T., Mattern, D., and Brunn, H. (2011). Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds. Environ. Sci. Eur., 23.10.1186/2190-4715-23-38 ↗
27. Ciabach, J. (1988, January 12–14). Perfluoropolyether isobutylamide and isobutylester performance in the protection of stone. Proceedings of the VI International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Poland.
28. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated polyetheric amides10.1016/0022-1139(93)03045-N ↗
29. Supercritical CO2 as a solvent for polymeric stone protective materials10.1016/S0896-8446(99)00005-4 ↗
30. Water-repellent properties of fluoroelastomers on a very porous stone: Effect of the application procedure10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.11.005 ↗
31. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of a novel acrylic terpolymer with pendant perfluoropolyether segments10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00722-4 ↗
32. Tailoring new fluorinated acrylic copolymers as protective coatings for marble10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01240-2 ↗
33. Evaluation of five fluorinated compounds as calcarenite protectives10.1016/j.culher.2007.07.006 ↗
34. Protective features, durability and biodegration study of acrylic and methacrylic fluorinated polymer coatings for marble protection10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.10.003 ↗
35. Fabrication of water repellent coatings using waterborne resins for the protection of the cultural heritage10.1002/masy.201300063 ↗
36. An environmental friendly fluorinated oligoamide for producing nonwetting coatings with high performance on porous surfaces10.1021/acsami.7b09440 ↗
37. Oligoamide grafted with perfluoropolyether blocks: A potential protective coating for stone materials10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.05.010 ↗
38. Facile design of “sticky” near superamphiphobic surfaces on highly porous substrate10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.063 ↗
39. Superhydrophobic fluorinated oligomers as protective agents for outdoor stone artworks10.1016/j.culher.2020.01.005 ↗
40. High-speed neutron radiography for monitoring the water absorption by capillarity in porous materials10.1016/j.nimb.2007.10.030 ↗
41. Experimental determination of the diffusitives of moisture in porous materials in capillary and sorption moistening10.1007/s10891-005-0031-8 ↗
42. In situ characterisation of the depth and mass of water intrusion in unsaturated cement pastes via X-ray computed tomography10.1680/jadcr.16.00056 ↗
43. Yang, L., Gao, D., Zhang, Y., Tang, J., and Li, Y. (2019). Relationship between sorptivity and capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement-based materials: Theory analysis and experiment. R. Soc. Open Sci., 6.10.1098/rsos.190112 ↗
44. One-dimensional scanning of moisture in porous materials with NMR10.1063/1.1144491 ↗
45. Nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of capillary imbibition and diffusion of water into hardened white cement paste10.1063/1.1467631 ↗
46. Mobile Single-sided NMR10.1016/j.pnmrs.2007.10.002 ↗
47. Study of water penetration in rock materials by nuclear magnetic resonance tomography: Hydrophobic treatment effects10.1016/S1296-2074(00)00156-4 ↗
48. The use of portable single-sided relaxometry and laboratory imaging NMR devices in stone conservation10.1179/sic.2007.52.1.37 ↗
49. Washburn, K.E., and Callaghan, P.T. (2010). Tracking Pore to Pore Exchange Using Relaxation Exchange Spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett., 97.10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.175502 ↗
50. Gombia, M., Bortolotti, V., Brown, R.J.S., Camaiti, M., and Fantazzini, P. (2008). Models of water imbibition in untreated and treated porous media validated by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. J. Appl. Phys., 103.10.1063/1.2913503 ↗
51. Stone porosity, wettability changes and other features detected by MRI and NMR relaxometry: A more than 15-year study10.1002/mrc.4163 ↗
52. Magnetic resonance of porous media (MRPM): A perspective10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.010 ↗
53. Diffusion-weighted spatial information from 1H relaxation in restricted geometries10.1007/BF02451721 ↗
54. One and two-dimensional NMR to evaluate the performance of consolidants in porous media with a wide range of pore sizes: Applications to cultural heritage10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.08.014 ↗
55. Effects of atmospheric NOX on biocalcarenite coated with different conservation products10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.03.035 ↗
56. (2010). UNI-EN 15801-2010. Conservation of Cultural Property—Test Methods. Determination of Water Absorption by Capillarity, Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione.
57. (2010). UNI-EN 15886-2010. Conservation of Cultural Property—Test Methods. Colour Measurement of Surfaces, Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione.
58. Water absorbtion kinetics in different wettability conditions studied at pore and sample scale in porous media by portable single-sided and laboratory imaging devices10.1016/j.jmr.2006.05.016 ↗
59. Diffusion propagator as a probe of the structure of porous-media10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.3555 ↗
60. Time-dependent diffusion coefficient as a probe of geometry10.1002/cmr.a.20017 ↗
61. Bortolotti, V., Brizi, L., Fantazzini, P., Landi, G., and Zama, F. (2019). Upen2DTool: A Uniform PENalty Matlab tool for inversion of 2D NMR relaxation data. SoftwareX, 10.10.1016/j.softx.2019.100302 ↗
62. Mechanism of the photoöxidation of amides10.1021/ja01521a021 ↗
63. Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: A perspective
64. Hürlimann, M.D., Venkataramanan, L., and Flaum, C. (2002). The diffusion–spin relaxation time distribution function as an experimental probe to characterize fluid mixtures in porous media. J. Chem. Phys., 117.10.1063/1.1518959 ↗