Chloride Corrosion Resistance of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Its Application in Subsea Tunnel Linings
Source abstract
Abstract
The composite performance of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is excellent, and its application potential in subsea tunnel engineering has gradually emerged. This paper discusses three types of laboratory testing methods for studying the corrosion of SFRC induced by chlorides: the ion diffusion method, electric field migration method, and pre-corrosion method. The similar relationship between short-term accelerated deterioration tests and the natural corrosion process, as well as the experimental setup for simulating the coupling effect of multiple factors, requires further exploration. Furthermore, the mechanisms of steel fibers influencing the chloride corrosion resistance of SFRC are explored from four aspects: type, coating, shape, and dosage. Finally, by examining practical case studies of SFRC in subsea tunnel applications, the challenges posed by the multi-directionality of chloride ion corrosion, the diversity of corrosion sources, and the uneven distribution of steel fibers are highlighted. Future research should focus on enhancing the application of SFRC in subsea tunnel linings. This study provides a reference and basis for promoting the application of SFRC in subsea tunnel engineering and indicates future development directions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Smart Materials for Construction · Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China
CCCC Research and Development Center on Tunnel and Underground Space Technology, Wuhan 430056, China
Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Earthquake Administration of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
Funding
Key Program of CCCC
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Experimental and numerical research on the influence of steel arch frame corrosion on security of supporting system in subsea tunnel10.1016/j.tust.2021.104253 ↗
2. Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: A review10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00058-1 ↗
3. Sulikowski, J., and Kozubal, J. (2016, January 11–16). The Durability of a Concrete Sewer Pipeline Under Deterioration by Sulphate and Chloride Corrosion. Proceedings of the 25th Russian-Polish-Slovak Seminar on Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering, Zilina, Slovakia.10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.229 ↗
4. Durability assessment of a tunnel structure with two-sided chloride ingress-A case study located in a tropical environment10.1002/suco.202100550 ↗
5. Assessing and predicting surrounding rock settlement troughs in the subsea tunnel: A case study of Haicang Tunnel
6. Technologies for large cross-section subsea tunnel construction using drilling and blasting method10.1016/j.tust.2023.105161 ↗
7. Theoretical analysis of erosion degradation and safety assessment of submarine shield tunnel segment based on ion erosion
8. Chen, X.S., and Shen, J. (2022). Experimental Investigation on Deterioration Mechanisms of Concrete under Tensile Stress-Chloride Ion-Carbon Dioxide Multiple Corrosion Environment. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.10.3390/jmse10010080 ↗
9. Corrosion Caused Costs on Civil Engineering Structures of the Swiss Road Networks10.1002/best.202000004 ↗
10. Karacic, S. (2021). Microbial Biofilm Communities Associated with Degradation of Sprayed Concrete in Subsea Tunnels, Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola.
11. Time-varying analysis of deterioration by chloride ion erosion for subsea tunnels under wave loads
12. Abbas, S. (2014). Structural and Durability Performance of Precast Segmental Tunnel Linings, The University of Western Ontario.
13. Comparison of the structural behavior of reinforced concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete tunnel segmental joints10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.010 ↗
14. Durability performance of fiber-reinforced concrete in severe environments10.1177/0021998311401089 ↗
15. Experimental study on the high water pressure erosion mechanism and its influence on the submarine shield tunnel concrete segments10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133577 ↗
16. Experimental study on the shear performance of a prestressed anchored jointed rock-like mass under different corrosion levels10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105209 ↗
17. Methods of accelerating chloride-induced corrosion in steel-reinforced concrete: A comparative review10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123165 ↗
18. Stray current induced corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.004 ↗
19. Effect of chloride-induced corrosion on bond performance of various steel fibers in cracked SFRC10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105113 ↗
20. Corrosion of steel embedded in mortar and concrete under different electrolytic accelerated corrosion methods10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117971 ↗
21. Páez Jiménez, C. (2021). Corrosion Durability Service Life of Calcium Silicate-Based Reinforced Concrete. [Master’s Thesis, University of South Florida].
22. Corrosion of steel bars embedded in fibre reinforced concrete under chloride attack: State of the art10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.006 ↗
23. Effects of sustained load and reinforcement spacing on the evolution and spatial characteristics of corrosion damages in RC segmental specimens10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133462 ↗
24. Chloride Penetration in Reinforced Concrete Beams under Combined Sustained Loading and Drying-Wetting Cycles10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003076 ↗
25. Wu, L.J., Xiang, Z.Y., Jiang, H., Liu, M.W., Ju, X.L., and Zhang, W.X. (2022). A Review of Durability Issues of Reinforced Concrete Structures Due to Coastal Soda Residue Soil in China. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.10.3390/jmse10111740 ↗
26. Enhancing the corrosion resistance of recycled aggregate concrete by incorporating waste glass powder10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104909 ↗
27. A new method for risk assessment of water inrush in a subsea tunnel crossing faults10.1080/1064119X.2021.1929594 ↗
28. Effects of silica fume and steel fiber on chloride ion penetration and corrosion behavior of cement-based composites10.1007/s11595-013-0679-4 ↗
29. Nordtest (1995). NT Build 443 Concrete Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration, Nordtest NT Build.
30. Chloride diffusion in steel fiber reinforced marine concrete10.1016/0008-8846(87)90002-0 ↗
31. Calibration of Accelerated Corrosion Regime for Short Square RC Columns Reinforced with Polypropylene and/or Steel Fibers10.1007/s12205-024-0169-6 ↗
32. Relationship of corrosion of concrete reinforcement to accelerated corrosion current10.1680/jcoma.17.00083 ↗
33. Structural performance of fiber reinforced lightweight self-compacting concrete beams subjected to accelerated corrosion
34. Comparison of two accelerated corrosion techniques for concrete structures
35. Corrosion-resistance of steel fibers in concrete under marine exposure10.1016/0008-8846(88)90120-2 ↗
36. Long-term properties of steel fibre reinforced marine concrete10.1007/BF02485924 ↗
37. Permissible crack widths in steel fibre reinforced marine concrete10.1007/BF02472580 ↗
38. Corrosion Effects on the Strength Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Containing Slag and Corrosion Inhibitor10.1155/2014/595040 ↗
39. Durability of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.061 ↗
40. Durability of steel fibre-reinforced recycled coarse aggregate concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117119 ↗
41. Surface corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.001 ↗
42. Corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete from the cracks10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.032 ↗
43. Corrosion Durability of Recycled Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
44. Sun, M., Wen, D.J., and Xie, P. (2011, January 7–9). Bending Toughness of Zinc Phosphate Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete before and after Corrosion. Proceedings of the International Conference on Structures and Building Materials, Guangzhou, China.
45. Corrosion risk of steel fibre in concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.072 ↗
46. Corrosion effects on pullout behavior of hooked steel fibers in self-compacting concrete10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.005 ↗
47. Durability of cracked SFRC exposed to wet-dry cycles of chlorides and carbon dioxide—Multiscale deterioration phenomena10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106120 ↗
48. Zhao, X.K., Liu, R.Q., Qi, W.H., and Yang, Y.Q. (2020). Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Reinforced by Zinc Phosphate Pretreated Steel Fiber in the Presence of Chloride Ions. Materials, 13.10.3390/ma13163636 ↗
49. Steady-State Chloride Diffusion Coefficient and Chloride Migration Coefficient of Cracks in Concrete10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001966 ↗
50. Multi-scale peridynamic investigation of chloride penetration in concrete under drying-wetting cycles10.1016/j.enganabound.2023.07.014 ↗
51. Corrosion Behavior of Steel Fibers in Reactive Powder Concrete with High Volume of Mineral Admixtures10.1007/s11595-020-2291-8 ↗
52. Temperature Effect on Corrosion Behavior of 304LN Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel Rebars in Chloride Contaminated Concrete Pore Solution Using Electrochemical Method10.20964/2020.11.59 ↗
53. Salt scaling resistance of pre-cracked ultra-high performance concrete with the coupling of salt freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105396 ↗
54. Effectiveness of UHPFRC cover in delaying bar corrosion
55. Mangat, P.S., and Molloy, B.T. (2000, January 13–15). Size effect of reinforcement on corrosion initiation. Proceedings of the 5th RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (FRC), Lyon, France.
56. Influence of high humidity and salt-rich spray environment on ventilation effect in urban undersea road tunnel10.1016/j.tust.2019.103109 ↗
57. Marcos-Meson, V., Fischer, G., Solgaard, A., Edvardsen, C., and Michel, A. (2021). Mechanical Performance of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Wet-Dry Cycles of Chlorides and Carbon Dioxide. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14102642 ↗
58. Fernandes, M., and Neves, R. (2024). Assessment of Fiber Corrosion Influence in the Flexural Performance of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14135611 ↗
59. Influence of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate corrosion resistance on shotcrete with and without steel fiber10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.100 ↗
60. Freeze-thaw resistance of steel fibre reinforced rubberised concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.103 ↗
61. Electrochemical behaviour of steel rebars in concrete:: Influence of environmental factors and cement chemistry10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00678-8 ↗
62. Effectiveness of impressed current technique to simulate corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(41) ↗
63. Performance of reinforced concrete beams corroded under sustained service loads: A comparative study of two accelerated corrosion techniques10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.108 ↗
64. Non-uniform corrosion of steel in mortar induced by impressed current method: An experimental and numerical investigation10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.183 ↗
65. Effects of Chloride, Humidity, and Concrete Mix on the Electrochemical Parameters of Steel Reinforcement Corrosion10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17914 ↗
66. Tang, L.P. (1996). Chloride transport in concrete—Measurement and prediction. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology].
67. Relationship between Chloride Migration, Bulk Electrical Conductivity and Formation Factor of Blended Cement Pastes10.2478/ncr-2023-0009 ↗
68. Improved Rapid Chloride Migration Test for Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Concrete Based on the Image Processing Technique10.1520/JTE20220420 ↗
69. Precision of the Nordic test methods for measuring the chloride diffusion/migration coefficients of concrete10.1007/BF02486496 ↗
70. Iodide and chloride ions diffusivity, pore characterization and microstructures of concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.11.155 ↗
71. Nordtest (1999). NT Build 492 Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repairmaterials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady Statemigration Experiments, Nordtest.
72. (2009). Standard for Test Methods of Long-Term Performanceand Durability of Ordinary Concrete (Standard No. GB/T 50082-2009).
73. Probabilistic similarity of non-uniform corrosion pattern between natural corrosion and accelerated experiment10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132000 ↗
74. Experimental study on the properties of corroded steel fibres10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.082 ↗
75. Enhancing corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures with hybrid fiber reinforced concrete10.1016/j.corsci.2014.12.003 ↗
76. An experimental study on the corrosion susceptibility of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.011 ↗
77. (2020). Steel Fiber for Concrete (Standard No. GB/T 39147-2020).
78. (2006). Fibres for Concrete—Part 1: Steel Fibres—Definitions, Specifications and Conformity (Standard No. EN 14889-1:2006).
79. O’Brien, C., McBride, A., Zaghi, A.E., Burke, K.A., and Hill, A. (2017). Mechanical Behavior of Stainless Steel Fiber-Reinforced Composites Exposed to Accelerated Corrosion. Materials, 10.10.3390/ma10070772 ↗
80. Effect of Mn addition on corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-xMn alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.244 ↗
81. Effect of Cold Rolling and Subsequent Annealing on the Corrosion Resistance of Ag-Containing CD4MCu Duplex Stainless Steels10.1007/s11665-022-07226-0 ↗
82. Evaluating the chemical stability and performance of zinc phosphate-coated steel fibers in concrete corrosion simulations
83. Influence of coating on short steel fiber reinforcements on corrosion behavior of aluminium base short steel fiber reinforced composites10.1007/s10853-006-0188-3 ↗
84. An Experimental Study on Corrosion Resistance and Bond Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Various Fibers10.1007/s12205-024-1672-5 ↗
85. Influence of corrosion on the interface between zinc phosphate steel fiber and cement10.1002/maco.200905580 ↗
86. Mechanical performance enhancement of UHPC via ITZ improvement using graphene oxide-coated steel fibers10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.105931 ↗
87. Tailoring of steel fiber surface by coating cellulose nanocrystal for enhanced flexural properties of UHPC10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105773 ↗
88. Experimental investigation into the properties of crumb rubberized concrete incorporating corrugated round steel fibers10.1007/s43452-024-00883-z ↗
89. Accelerated Corrosion Behavior of Steel in Concrete Subjected to Sustained Flexural Loading Using Electrochemical Methods and X-Ray Computed Tomography10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002337 ↗
90. Corrosion resistance of steel fibre reinforced concrete—A literature review10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.05.016 ↗
91. Mei, Y.J., Li, Z.Y., Liang, N.X., Cao, Y.W., and Wang, P.M. (2010, January 23–25). Performance and Microstructure of Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar. Proceedings of the 6th International Speciality and Fibre Conference on Reinforced Materials, Yantai, China.
92. Experimental study on compressive behaviors and meso-scale structure of SFRFC based on CT scanning technique10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131528 ↗
93. Mesoscale FE analysis of thermal conductivity of steel fiber-reinforced cementitious materials considering fiber-matrix interface and pore effects10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105194 ↗
94. Effect of steel fibers and recycled concrete aggregates on the mechanical behaviour of concrete10.1007/s13198-024-02297-9 ↗
95. Effects of milled cut steel fibers on the properties of concrete10.1007/s12205-016-0577-3 ↗
96. Influence of steel fibre on micropore structure of concrete
97. Steel fiber reinforced concrete: A review of its material properties and usage in tunnel lining10.1016/j.istruc.2021.07.086 ↗
98. Experimental study on settlement and punching behavior of full-scale RC and SFRC precast tunnel lining segments10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.024 ↗
99. The strengthening theory of steel fiber reinforced concrete and its application in tunnel engineering: A review
100. Comparison of the condition of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete with water-glass and alkali-free activators after more than 20 years of service in a subsea road tunnel