Physical, Optical, and Visual Performance of Coated Cross-Laminated Timber during Natural and Artificial Weathering
Source abstract
Abstract
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) market demand is on the rise in the United States. Adequate protective measures have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the weathering performance of exterior wood coatings. We evaluated coated CLT sample surfaces based on visual appearance, color change (CIE*L*a*b), gloss changes, and water intrusion. From the five exterior wood coatings evaluated, only two showed adequate performance after twelve months field exposure. Based on visual ratings following the ASTM procedures, coating failure occurs more quickly in Mississippi than in Wisconsin, due to its greater decay zone. Both location and coating type impacted the aging of the samples. Artificial weathering results were consistent with natural weathering indicating the two adequate coatings were the most resistant to failure, color, and gloss change. For future studies, new coatings designed for the protection of end-grain in CLT panels should be a target of research and development.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Wood Treatment and Properties · Building materials and conservation · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Forest and Wildlife Research Center (FWRC), Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
Forest Products Laboratory-USDA, Madison, WI 53726, USA
Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Funding
U.S. Forest Service
References (46)
Show source-provided references
1. Outlook for cross-laminated timber in the United States
2. Zumbrunnen, P., and Fovargue, J. (2012, January 15–19). Mid-rise CLT buildings, the UK’s experience and potential for Australia and New Zealand. Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Timber Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
3. Pei, S., Rammer, D., Popovski, M., Williamson, T., Line, P., and van de Lindt, J.W. (2016, January 15–22). An Overview of CLT Research and Implementation in North America. Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Vienna, Austria.
4. Morris, P. (2020, December 12). Optimizing the Design of Mass Timber in Exterior Applications. Available online: www.durable-wood.com.
5. Ross, R.J. (1999). Finishing of Wood. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL.
6. Potential for decay in mass timber elements: A review of the risks and identifying possible solutions10.1080/17480272.2020.1720804 ↗
7. Fire induced thermal fields in window glass. II- Experiments10.1016/0379-7112(94)90051-5 ↗
8. Ross, R.J. (2010). Biodeterioration of Wood. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL.10.2737/FPL-GTR-190 ↗
9. Violet light causes photodegradation of wood beyond the zone affected by ultraviolet region10.1515/HF.2007.005 ↗
10. Shupe, T., Lebow, S., and Ring, D. (2008). Wood Decay, Degradation & Stain. Causes and Control of Wood Decay, Degradation & Stain, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center.
11. Experimental investigation on the effect of detail design on wood moisture content in outdoor above ground applications10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.023 ↗
12. Koch, P. (1972). Finishing. Utilization of the Southern Pines, U.S. Southern Forest Experiment Station, USDA.
13. A climate index for estimating potential for decay in wood structures above ground
14. APA—The Engineered Wood Association (2018). Cross Laminated Timber Standards, American National Standards Institute.
15. Lepage, R., Higgins, J., and Finch, G. (2017, January 6–8). Moisture uptake test for CLT floor panels in a tall wood building in Vancouver. Proceedings of the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology, British Columbia Building Envelope Council, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
16. Crespell, P., and Gagnon, S. (2020, November 25). Cross Laminated Timber: A Primer, FPInnovations, Special Publication (52). Vancouver, British Columbia. Available online: https://fpinnovations.ca/media/factsheets/Documents/cross-laminated-timber-the-boook.pdf.
17. Quantitative measurements of capillary coating penetration in relation to wood and coating properties10.1007/s001070050469 ↗
18. Finishes checklist: A guide to achieving optimum coating performance on exterior wood surfaces
19. Pánek, M., Oberhofnerová, E., Zeidler, A., and Šedivka, P. (2018). Efficacy of hydrophobic coatings in protecting oak wood surfaces during accelerated weathering. Coatings, 7.10.3390/coatings7100172 ↗
20. Bobadilha, G.S., Stokes, C.E., and Verly Lopes, D.J. (2020). Artificial neural networks modelling based on visual analysis of coated cross laminated timber (CLT) to predict color change during outdoor exposure. Holzforschung, published online ahead of print 2020.10.1515/hf-2020-0193 ↗
21. Effect of exterior wood coatings on the durability of cross-laminated timber against mold and decay fungi10.15376/biores.15.4.8420-8433 ↗
22. ASTM D1006 / D1006M-13 (2013). Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Wood, American Society for Testing Material.
23. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—NOAA (2020, September 29). Global Summary of the Month Station Details. Mississippi State University Station, 2020, Available online: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/GSOM/stations/GHCND:USC00228374/detail.
24. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—NOAA (2020, September 29). Global Summary of the Month Station Details. Madison Dane CO Regional Airport Station, 2020, Available online: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/GSOM/stations/GHCND:USW00014837/detail.
25. ASTM D772 (2018). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree Flaking (Scaling) of Exterior Paints, American Society for Testing Material.
26. ASTM D3274-09 (2017). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Surface Disfigurement of Paint Films by Fungal or Algal Growth, or Soil and Dirt Accumulation, American Society for Transforming Material.
27. ASTM D714 (2015). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints, American Society for Testing Material.
28. ASTM D4214 (2015). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films, American Society for Testing Material.
29. ASTM D660-93 (2011). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints, American Society for Testing and Material.
30. ASTM D661-93 (2011). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints, American Society for Testing Material.
31. ASTM D662-93 (2011). Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints, American Society for Testing Material.
32. ISO 11664-4 (2008). Colorimetry—Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space, International Organization for Standardization.
33. ISO 2813 (2014). Paints and Varnishes–Determination of Gloss Value at 20 Degrees, 60 Degrees and 85 Degrees, International Organization for Standardization.
34. SAS Institute Inc (2013). SAS/ACCESS® 9.4 Interface to ADABAS: Reference, SAS Institute Inc.
35. Control of black stain fungi with biocides in semitransparent wood coatings
36. Schultz, T.P., Militz, H., Freeman, M.H., Goodell, B., and Nicholas, D.D. (2008). Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives, Oxford University Press.10.1021/bk-2008-0982 ↗
37. Natural weathering of various surface coatings on five species at four European sites10.1007/BF02619544 ↗
38. ANSI/APA—American National Standard (2020). Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber, APA. Form No. PRG 320-2019.
39. Dimensional changes of cross-laminated specimens produced under different conditions due to humidity variation10.15376/biores.14.2.4035-4046 ↗
40. Rowell, R.M. (1984). Chemistry of weathering and protection. The Chemistry of Solid Wood, American Chemical Society.10.1021/ba-1984-0207 ↗
41. Predicting the exterior durability of new fluoropolymer coatings10.1016/S0022-1139(00)00228-1 ↗
42. Durability of mass timber structures: A review of the biological risks10.22382/wfs-2018-045 ↗
43. Applying the protective role of condensed tannins to acrylic-based surface coatings exposed to accelerated weathering10.1007/s10924-017-0999-0 ↗
44. Weathering performance of painted wood pretreated with water-repellent preservatives
45. Weathering of roofing materials–an overview10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.015 ↗
46. Nanofibrillated Cellulose in Wood Coatings: Mechanical Properties of Free Composite Films10.1007/s10853-014-8373-2 ↗