Multi-Color Light-Emitting Diodes
Source abstract
Abstract
Multi-color light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with various advantages of color tunability, self-luminescence, wide viewing angles, high color contrast, low power consumption, and flexibility provide a wide range of applications including full-color display, augmented reality/virtual reality technology, and wearable healthcare systems. In this review, we introduce three main types of multi-color LEDs: the organic LED, colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) LED, and CQD–organic hybrid LED. Various strategies for realizing multi-color LEDs are discussed including red, green, and blue sub-pixel side-by-side arrangement; vertically stacked LED unit configuration; and stacked emitter layers in a single LED. Finally, according to their status and challenges, we present an outlook of multi-color devices. We hope this review can inspire researchers and make a contribution to the further improvement of multi-color LED technology.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties · Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research · Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
Funding
National Key R&D Program of China · National Natural Science Foundation of China · China Postdoctoral Science Foundation · Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST
References (83)
Show source-provided references
1. Light Emitting Diodes Reliability Review10.1016/j.microrel.2011.07.063 ↗
2. Energy Regulation in White-Light-Emitting Diodes10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00610 ↗
3. Wu, Y., Ma, J., Su, P., Zhang, L., and Xia, B. (2020). Full-Color Realization of Micro-Led Displays. Nanomaterials, 10.10.3390/nano10122482 ↗
4. Mini-LED, Micro-LED and OLED Displays: Present Status and Future Perspectives10.1038/s41377-020-0341-9 ↗
5. A brief review of innovative strategies towards structure design of practical electronic display device10.1007/s11771-020-4395-x ↗
6. Wearable Electrocardiogram Monitor Using Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1021/acsnano.7b04292 ↗
7. Parallel-Stacked Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes for Wearable Photodynamic Therapeutics and Color-Tunable Optoelectronics10.1021/acsnano.0c06649 ↗
8. Stable, High-Efficiency Voltage-Dependent Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with a Single Tetradentate Platinum(II) Emitter Having Long Operational Lifetime10.1002/adma.202004873 ↗
9. Tunable Full-Color Emission of Two-Unit Stacked Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Dual-Metal Intermediate Electrode10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.03.016 ↗
10. Color-Tunable Multilayer Organic Light Emitting Diode Composed of DNA Complex and Tris(8-Hydroxyquinolinato)Aluminum10.1063/1.3512861 ↗
11. Highly Efficient, Low-Voltage Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using an Iridium Complex as the Host Material10.1002/adma.200600845 ↗
12. Fabrication of Color Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by an Alignment Free Mask Patterning Method10.1016/j.orgel.2013.04.040 ↗
13. Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Technology: Materials, Devices and Display Technologies10.1002/pi.1974 ↗
14. LEDs for Lighting: Basic Physics and Prospects for Energy Savings10.1016/j.crhy.2017.09.001 ↗
15. Development of OLED with High Stability and Luminance Efficiency by Co-Doping Methods for Full Color Displays10.1109/JSTQE.2004.824076 ↗
16. Triplet Harvesting in Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1002/adfm.200801503 ↗
17. Multi-Colour Organic Light-Emitting Displays by Solution Processing10.1038/nature01390 ↗
18. Optical Design and Optimization of Highly Efficient Sunlight-like Three-Stacked Warm White Organic Light Emitting Diodes10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01379 ↗
19. The Fabrication of Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays via Solution Processing10.1038/lsa.2017.94 ↗
20. Get It White: Color-Tunable AC/DC OLEDs10.1038/lsa.2015.20 ↗
21. Voltage-Dependent Multicolor Electroluminescent Device Based on Halide Perovskite and Chalcogenide Quantum-Dots Emitters10.1002/adfm.201907074 ↗
22. Employing Heavy Metal-Free Colloidal Quantum Dots in Solution-Processed White Light-Emitting Diodes10.1021/nl1021442 ↗
23. R/G/B/Natural White Light Thin Colloidal Quantum Dot-Based Light-Emitting Devices10.1002/adma.201400139 ↗
24. Fabrication of a White Electroluminescent Device Based on Bilayered Yellow and Blue Quantum Dots10.1039/C5NR00426H ↗
25. Solution-Processed CuInS2-Based White QD-LEDs with Mixed Active Layer Architecture10.1021/acsami.6b15660 ↗
26. Ultrasensitive Colloidal Quantum-Dot Upconverters for Extended Short-Wave Infrared10.1021/acsami.2c12002 ↗
27. Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency10.1038/s41566-019-0364-z ↗
28. A Color Tunable Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diode Device Driven by Variable Voltage10.1166/jnn.2019.15755 ↗
29. High-Efficiency, Deep Blue ZnCdS/Cd: XZn1- XS/ZnS Quantum-Dot-Light-Emitting Devices with an EQE Exceeding 18%10.1039/C7NR09175C ↗
30. Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Outdoor Displays with High Stability at High Brightness10.1002/adom.201901145 ↗
31. Highly Stable QLEDs with Improved Hole Injection via Quantum Dot Structure Tailoring10.1038/s41467-018-04986-z ↗
32. Spatial Light Patterning of Full Color Quantum Dot Displays Enabled by Locally Controlled Surface Tailoring10.1002/adom.201701335 ↗
33. Highly Efficient, Color-Reproducible Full-Color Electroluminescent Devices Based on Red/Green/Blue Quantum Dot-Mixed Multilayer10.1021/acsnano.5b05513 ↗
34. High-Resolution, Full-Color Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode Display Fabricated via Photolithography Approach10.1007/s12274-020-2883-9 ↗
35. Colloidal Quantum-Dot Light Emitting Diodes with Bias-Tunable Color10.1364/PRJ.456043 ↗
36. Quantum-Dot and Organic Hybrid Light-Emitting Diodes Employing a Blue Common Layer for Simple Fabrication of Full-Color Displays10.1007/s12274-022-4204-y ↗
37. Quantum-Dot and Organic Hybrid Tandem Light-Emitting Diodes with Multi-Functionality of Full-Color-Tunability and White-Light-Emission10.1038/s41467-020-16659-x ↗
38. Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices10.3402/nano.v1i0.5202 ↗
39. A Brief History of OLEDs—Emitter Development and Industry Milestones10.1002/adma.202005630 ↗
40. Organic Light Emitting Diode Devices: An Energy Efficient Solid State Lighting for Applications10.1016/j.rser.2020.110043 ↗
41. Molecular Orientation Effects in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1002/hlca.201900048 ↗
42. Design Principles for Highly Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1117/1.JPE.4.040993 ↗
43. Shao, J., Chen, C., Zhao, W., Zhang, E., Ma, W., Sun, Y., Chen, P., and Sheng, R. (2022). Recent Advances of Interface Exciplex in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Micromachines, 13.10.3390/mi13020298 ↗
44. Quantum Dots for Light Emitting Diodes10.1166/jnn.2013.7146 ↗
45. Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes10.1002/ijch.201900045 ↗
46. Molecular Design and Device Design to Improve Stabilities of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.2494/photopolymer.31.315 ↗
47. Recent Advances in Boron-Based Schiff Base Derivatives for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.09.010 ↗
48. Recent Progress in Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices10.1002/ejoc.201300544 ↗
49. Recent Progress in the Use of Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Organic Compounds for Organic Light-Emitting Diode Lighting10.1117/1.JPE.5.057608 ↗
50. Colloidal Quantum Dots Surface and Device Structure Engineering for High Performance Light Emitting10.1093/nsr/nww097 ↗
51. Quantum Dots-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes Packaging for Lighting and Display: Status and Perspectives10.1115/1.4033143 ↗
52. Flexible Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for next-Generation Displays10.1038/s41528-018-0023-3 ↗
53. Emergence of Colloidal Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Technologies10.1038/nphoton.2012.328 ↗
54. Nanostructure and Device Architecture Engineering for High-Performance Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes10.1039/C8TC04028A ↗
55. Beyond OLED: Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Display and Lighting Application10.1002/tcr.201800191 ↗
56. A Review on the Electroluminescence Properties of Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes10.1016/j.orgel.2021.106086 ↗
57. Probing Molecular Dynamics with Attosecond Resolution Using Correlated Wave Packet Pairs10.1038/nature01430 ↗
58. Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Ultrathin Emissive Layers and a Spacer-Free Structure10.1038/srep25821 ↗
59. Two Host-Dopant Emitting Systems Realizing Four-Color Emission: A Simple and Effective Strategy for Highly Efficient Warm-White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with High Color-Rendering Index at High Luminance10.1021/acsami.6b03374 ↗
60. High-Efficiency and Superior Color-Stability White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Double Mixed-Host Emission Layers10.1016/j.orgel.2016.01.010 ↗
61. Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Vertically Stacked Blue, Green, and Red Colors for Lighting and Display Applications10.1364/OE.26.018351 ↗
62. Development of a Highly Efficient Hybrid White Organic-Light-Emitting Diode with a Single Emission Layer by Solution Processing10.1021/acsami.7b14695 ↗
63. High CRI and Stable Spectra White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Double Doped Blue Emission Layers and Multiple Ultrathin Phosphorescent Emission Layers by Adjusting the Thickness of Spacer Layer10.1016/j.orgel.2019.04.013 ↗
64. Maskless RGB Color Patterning of Vacuum-Deposited Small Molecule OLED Displays by Diffusion of Luminescent Dopant Molecules10.1364/OE.23.016650 ↗
65. Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Devices10.1063/1.117743 ↗
66. AC-Driven, Color- and Brightness-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Constructed from an Electron Only Device10.1016/j.orgel.2013.09.028 ↗
67. Highly Efficient Tandem OLED Based on a Novel Charge Generation Layer of HAT-CN/CuPc Heterojunction10.1016/j.displa.2022.102306 ↗
68. Solution-Processed Electron-Only Tandem Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes for Broad Wavelength Light Emission10.1039/C6TC04229E ↗
69. White Light-Emitting Organic Electroluminescent Devices Using the Poly(N-Vinylcarbazole) Emitter Layer Doped with Three Fluorescent Dyes10.1063/1.111023 ↗
70. Efficient Organic Electrophosphorescent White-Light-Emitting Device with a Triple Doped Emissive Layer10.1002/adma.200306670 ↗
71. Harvesting Excitons via Two Parallel Channels for Efficient White Organic LEDs with Nearly 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency: Fabrication and Emission-Mechanism Analysis10.1002/adfm.200800918 ↗
72. Tunable Chromaticity Stability in Solution-Processed Organic Light Emitting Devices10.1016/j.orgel.2015.01.019 ↗
73. Highly Efficient and Color-Stable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence White Light-Emitting Diodes Featured with Single-Doped Single Emissive Layers10.1002/adma.201906950 ↗
74. High-Efficiency Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Double Light-Emitting Layers10.1063/1.1522495 ↗
75. High-Efficiency and Low-Voltage p-i-n Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Double-Emission Layers10.1063/1.1812378 ↗
76. White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Fluorescent Tube Efficiency10.1038/nature08003 ↗
77. Highly Efficient Single-Stack Hybrid Cool White OLED Utilizing Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent and Yellow Phosphorescent Emitters10.1038/s41598-018-34593-3 ↗
78. Light-Emitting Diodes Made from Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals and a Semiconducting Polymer10.1038/370354a0 ↗
79. Full-Colour Quantum Dot Displays Fabricated by Transfer Printing10.1038/nphoton.2011.12 ↗
80. All Solution-Processed White Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes with Three-Unit Tandem Structure10.1002/jsid.541 ↗
81. Multicolored Light-Emitting Diodes Based on All-Quantum-Dot Multilayer Films Using Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method10.1021/nl100168s ↗
82. Color-Tunable Alternating-Current Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices10.1021/acsami.1c11529 ↗
83. Color Temperature Tunable White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes10.1016/j.orgel.2013.10.005 ↗