Fatigue Prediction Model and Stiffness Modulus for Semi-Flexible Pavement Surfacing Using Irradiated Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate-Based Cement Grouts
Source abstract
Abstract
Semi-flexible pavement surfacing, or grouted macadam, is an alternative to conventional flexible and rigid pavement. It is constructed by injecting cementitious grout into the voids of an open-graded asphalt surfacing. The cement used in cementitious grouts has adverse environmental effects because of the carbon dioxide emission in cement production. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of using irradiated waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and fly ash (FA) as a (partial) cement replacement in cementitious grouts for semi-flexible pavement surfacing. This study sought to assess the stiffness modulus and fatigue properties of the semi-flexible specimens prepared with control grout, regular PET (2.57% PET + 10% FA) and irradiated PET (4.75% PET + 10% FA)-based grouts and compares the stiffness modulus and fatigue properties of semi-flexible specimens with the conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) concrete. The semi-flexible surfacing specimens showed superior performance, higher stiffness modulus, and better fatigue life than the hot mix asphalt. The difference in fatigue cycles was apparent at lower stress ratios of 25 and 30%. The semi-flexible pavement mixtures exceeded 100,000 cycles at the lowest stress ratio of 25%, while the HMA fatigue cycles were less than 100,000 cycles. Furthermore, the semi-flexible specimen with irradiated PET (which contain a higher amount of waste PET than the regular PET) showed similar stiffness modulus and fatigue life as the specimens with regular PET and control grout. The irradiation technique offers a sustainable solution for recycling higher amounts of waste PET in highway materials for semi-flexible pavement surfacing.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Transportation & Geotechnical Engineering, MCE, Risalpur Campus, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
Construction and Building Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
College of Computers and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
References (52)
Show source-provided references
1. A Study of the Fatigue Properties of Grouted Macadams
2. Pratelli, C., Betti, G., Giuffrè, T., and Marradi, A. (2018). Preliminary In-Situ Evaluation of an Innovative, Semi-Flexible Pavement Wearing Course Mixture Using Fast Falling Weight Deflectometer. Materials, 11.10.3390/ma11040611 ↗
3. Khan, M.I., Huat, H.Y., Dun, M.H.b.M., Sutanto, M.H., Jarghouyeh, E.N., and Zoorob, S.E. (2019). Effect of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Waste PET Based Cementitious Grouts on Flexural Strength of Semi-Flexible Pavement. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12244133 ↗
4. Determining the properties of semi-flexible pavement using waste tire rubber powder and natural zeolite10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121199 ↗
5. Hassan, K., Setyawan, A., and Zoorob, S. (2002, January 11–12). Effect of cementitious grouts on the properties of semi-flexible bituminous pavements. Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Performance of Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements, Bitmat4, Nottingham, UK.
6. Mechanical Characterization of Combi-layer
7. Oliveira, J.R. (2006). Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham].
8. Design of Mix Proportion of Cement Mortar with High-Performance Composite Semi-Flexible Pavement
9. Performance evaluation of semi rigid pavement mix10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.311 ↗
10. Interfacial and mechanical performance of grouted open-graded asphalt concrete with latex modified cement mortar10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117394 ↗
11. Open-graded asphalt concrete grouted by latex modified cement mortar10.1080/14680629.2018.1479290 ↗
12. Design and evaluation of mechanical properties of cement grouted bituminous mixes (CGBM)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121805 ↗
13. Comprehensive service properties evaluation of composite grouting materials with high-performance cement paste for semi-flexible pavement10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.122 ↗
14. Formulation and performance comparison of grouting materials for semi-flexible pavement10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.062 ↗
15. The study of the properties of fly ash based concrete composites with various chemical admixtures10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.582 ↗
16. How much cement can we do without? Lessons from cement material flows in the UK10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.002 ↗
17. Effect of large amounts of natural pozzolan addition on properties of blended cements10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.022 ↗
18. Study of properties of fly ash cements10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.048 ↗
19. Utilization of industrial by-products in concrete10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.192 ↗
20. A study on the physical and chemical parameters of industrial by-products ashes useful in making sustainable concrete10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.203 ↗
21. Evaluation of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete modified by metakaolin: Technical, economic and environmental analysis10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117121 ↗
22. Electrical Resistivity-Compressive strength predictions for normal strength concrete with waste steel slag as a coarse aggregate replacement using various analytical models10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127008 ↗
23. Electrical conductivity, microstructures, chemical compositions, and systematic multivariable models to evaluate the effect of waste slag smelting (pyrometallurgical) on the compressive strength of concrete10.1007/s11356-022-20518-1 ↗
24. Qaidi, S., Al-Kamaki, Y.S.S., Al-Mahaidi, R., Mohammed, A.S., Ahmed, H.U., Zaid, O., Althoey, F., Ahmad, J., Isleem, H.F., and Bennetts, I. (2022). Investigation of the effectiveness of CFRP strengthening of concrete made with recycled waste PET fine plastic aggregate. PLoS ONE, 17.10.1371/journal.pone.0269664 ↗
25. Interpreting the experimental results of compressive strength of hand-mixed cement-grouted sands using various mathematical approaches10.1007/s43452-021-00341-0 ↗
26. The impact of GGBS and ferrous on the flow of electrical current and compressive strength of concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128639 ↗
27. Durability performance of a novel ultra-high-performance PET green concrete (UHPPGC)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.088 ↗
28. Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.036 ↗
29. An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.033 ↗
30. Experimental study of the thermo-mechanical properties of recycled PET fiber-reinforced concrete10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.025 ↗
31. Early age performance and mechanical characteristics of recycled PET fibre reinforced concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.029 ↗
32. Valorization of post-consumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.012 ↗
33. Influence of content and particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.007 ↗
34. Use of animal proteins as foaming agent in cementitious concrete composites manufactured with recycled PET aggregates10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.027 ↗
35. Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.026 ↗
36. Irradiated recycled plastic as a concrete additive for improved chemo-mechanical properties and lower carbon footprint10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.033 ↗
37. Saleh, H.M. (2020). Cementitious Grouts Containing Irradiated Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate. Cement Industry-Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application, IntechOpen.
38. Effective use of recycled waste PET in cementitious grouts for developing sustainable semi-flexible pavement surfacing using artificial neural network (ANN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130840 ↗
39. Design optimization and statistical modeling of cementitious grout containing irradiated plastic waste and silica fume using response surface methodology10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121504 ↗
40. Investigating the mechanical properties and fuel spillage resistance of semi-flexible pavement surfacing containing irradiated waste PET based grouts10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124641 ↗
41. Effect of Cement Grouts Containing Irradiated Polyethylene Terephthalate on Properties of Semi-Flexible Mixtures10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.888.3 ↗
42. Irradiated polyethylene terephthalate and fly ash based grouts for semi-flexible pavement: Design and optimisation using response surface methodology10.1080/10298436.2020.1861446 ↗
43. Anderton, G.L. (2000). Engineering Properties of Resin Modified Pavement (RMP) for Mechanistic Design, Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS Geotechnical Lab.
44. Aggregate Gradation Influence on Grouting Results and Mix Design of Asphalt Mixture Skeleton for Semi-Flexible Pavement10.1520/JTE20150190 ↗
45. REAM (2007). Road Engineering Association of Malaysia, “Specification of Semi-Rigid Wearing Course”, Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM).
46. (2004). Bituminous Mixtures—Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt—Part 26: Stiffness (Standard No. BS-EN-12697-26).
47. (2012). Bituminous Mixtures—Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt—Part 24: Resistance to Fatigue (Standard No. BS-EN-12697-24).
48. Impact analysis of Carboxyl Latex on the performance of semi-flexible pavement using warm-mix technology10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.173 ↗
49. Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials10.1080/10298436.2015.1024467 ↗
50. Huang, C., Liu, J.P., Hong, J.X., and Liu, Z.F. (2012). Improvement on the crack resistance property of semi-flexible pavement by cement-emulsified asphalt mortar. Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications Ltd.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.509.26 ↗
51. Dynamic properties of stone mastic asphalt mixtures containing waste plastic bottles10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.054 ↗
52. Evaluation of Fatigue and Rutting Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Rock Wool10.1007/s40999-020-00532-5 ↗