Mechanical Characteristics and Adhesion of Glass-Kevlar Hybrid Composites by Applying Different Ratios of Epoxy in Lamination
Source abstract
Abstract
Hybrid composites have great potential for specific strength and specific stiffness, effective in aerospace industries, submarines, and light-weight automotives. The mechanical strength and adhesiveness of hybrid laminates can be enhanced by effective use of matrix materials in different ratios of epoxy resin and epoxy hardener. Gentle use of resin and hardener in the fabrication of hybrid composites can alter tensile modulus, the bonding strength between matrix and fabric. Spectacular progress has been achieved by the selection of appropriate amounts of resin and hardener in the hybridization of composite laminate. Hybridization was made by Kevlar inorganic/organic fabrics and glass fabrics stacked with epoxy matrix material. To achieve the combination of mechanical properties and bonding strength, transparent epoxy resin and hardener of commercial grades mixed in various ratios are incorporated as matrix material to fabricate laminate. Three different sheets, named A (3:2), B (4:1), and C (2:3), were embedded by the hand layup method to prepare a hybrid composite. Experimental tests, according to ASTM 3039, were performed to determine the tensile mechanical properties. Peel tests, according to ASTM 6862-11, were performed to investigate the interlaminar strength between Kevlar and glass layers. Shore A and Shore C hardness durometers were used to find out the hardness of the specimens at different spots using the ASTM D-2240 standard. Finally, physical testing, such as density and then water absorption, was carried out using the ASTM D-570 standard to check the swelling ratio of the different specimens. The results obtained highlight that the specimen of the glass/Kevlar hybrid embedded in the ratio 3:2 in lamination has the best mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) and the lowest swelling ratio, while the material system in the ratio 4:1 shows the best interlaminar properties and adhesion capabilities.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Epoxy Resin Curing Processes
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology-Karachi, Sindh 74800, Pakistan
Department of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Chavali, M., Palanisamy, P., Nikolova, M.P., Wu, R.-J., Tadiboyina, R., and Rao, P.P. (2019). Materials for Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier.
2. Atiqah, A., Chandrasekar, M., Kumar, T.S.M., Senthilkumar, K., and Ansari, M.N. (2020). Characterization and interface of natural and synthetic hybrid composites. Encycl. Renew. Sustain. Mater., 389–400.10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10805-7 ↗
3. An experimental and DFT study on novel dyes incorporated with natural dyes on titanium dioxide (TiO2) towards solar cell application10.1007/s00339-020-03896-6 ↗
4. A novel study on synthesis of egg shell based activated carbon for degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.002 ↗
5. Zhang, X.Z., Xu, P.H., Liu, G.W., Ahmad, A., Chen, X.H., Zhu, Y.L., and Qiao, G.J. (2020). Synthesis, characterization and wettability of Cu-Sn alloy on the Si-implanted 6H-SiC. Coatings, 10.10.3390/coatings10090906 ↗
6. Critical green routing synthesis of silver NPs using jasmine flower extract for biological activities and photocatalytical degradation of methylene blue10.1016/j.jece.2020.104877 ↗
7. Hussain, S., Khan, A.J., Arshad, M., Javed, M.S., Ahmad, A., Shah, S.S.A., Khan, M.R., Akram, S., and Ali, S. (2020). Charge storage in binder-free 2D-hexagonal CoMoO4 nanosheets as a redox active material for pseudocapacitors. Ceram. Int.10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.11.237 ↗
8. Experimental and theoretical study of highly porous lignocellulose assisted metal oxide photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102937 ↗
9. Naseem, K., Zia Ur Rehman, M., Ahmad, A., Dubal, D., and AlGarni, T.S. (2020). Plant extract induced biogenic preparation of silver nanoparticles and their potential as catalyst for degradation of toxic dyes. Coatings, 10.10.3390/coatings10121235 ↗
10. Madkour, L.H. (2019). Nanoelectronic Materials: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-21621-4 ↗
11. Facet controlled polyhedral ZIF-8 MOF nanostructures for excellent NO2 gas-sensing applications10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111133 ↗
12. Effect of potassium permanganate on morphological, structural and electro-optical properties of graphene oxide thin films10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102953 ↗
13. Preparation and properties of cyanate-based wave-transparent laminated composites reinforced by dopamine/POSS functionalized Kevlar cloth10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.018 ↗
14. Pandey, J., Nagarajan, V., Mohanty, A.K., and Misra, M. (2015). Biocomposites, Elsevier.
15. Recent advancement and development of chitin and chitosan-based nanocomposite for drug delivery: Critical approach to clinical research10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.019 ↗
16. Effect of the extreme conditions on the tensile impact strength of GFRP composites10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.001 ↗
17. Mustafa, E.H.B., Dyadyura, K., Jan, V., Harničárová, M., Zajac, J., Modrák, V., Pandová, I., Vrábel, P., Nováková-Marcinčínová, E., and Pavelek, Z. (2017). Manufacturing Technology of Composite Material Structure, Sudan University of Science and Technology.
18. Sandwich structures with prismatic and foam cores: A review10.1002/adem.201800036 ↗
19. Environmental impacts of recycled nonmetallic fraction from waste printed circuit board
20. Tensile and fatigue behavior of carbon fiber reinforced magnesium composite fabricated by liquid-solid extrusion following vacuum pressure infiltration10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.312 ↗
21. Synthesis, spectral and antimicrobial studies of amino acid derivative Schiff base metal (Co, Mn, Cu, and Cd) complexes10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.057 ↗
22. Rajesh Kumar, G., Hariharan, V., and Saravanakumar, S.S. (2019). Enhancing the free vibration characteristics of epoxy polymers using sustainable phoenix Sp. fibers and nano-clay for machine tool applications. J. Nat. Fibers, 1–8.10.1080/15440478.2019.1636740 ↗
23. A critical review on 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites: History, mechanism, materials and properties10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111476 ↗
24. Influence of Water ageing on mechanical properties of CaCO3 filler filled epoxy resin and sansevieria/carbon fiber reinforced composites10.4236/ojcm.2019.91001 ↗
25. Bond behavior of epoxy resin–polydicyclopentadiene phase separated interpenetrating networks for adhering carbon fiber reinforced polymer to steel10.1002/pen.25264 ↗
26. Two-year clinical evaluation of proanthocyanidins added to a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive10.1016/j.jdent.2018.12.012 ↗
27. Analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties of jute and glass fiber as reinforcement epoxy hybrid composites10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.031 ↗
28. Jusoh, M.S.M., Yahya, M.Y., and Hussein, N.I.S. (2016). MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.
29. Xavier, J., Rodney, K.D., and Prakash, S.J. (2019). Mechanical characterisation of epoxy polymer composite reinforced with ramie and synthetic fiber. SSRN Electron. J.
30. Kader, W.B. (2019). Physico-mechanical properties of typha angustata (elephant grass) fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. IJAR J.
31. Probing adhesion between nanoscale cellulose fibres using AFM lateral force spectroscopy: The effect of hemicelluloses on hydrogen bonding10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.052 ↗
32. Damage detection of a hybrid composite laminate aluminum/glass under quasi-static and fatigue loadings by acoustic emission technique10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01414 ↗
33. The chemistry and engineering of mussel-inspired glue matrix for tissue adhesive and hemostatic10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.005 ↗
34. Physical properties of a silicone prosthetic elastomer stored in simulated skin secretions10.1016/S0022-3913(00)70017-5 ↗
35. Ab Ghani, M.H., and Ahmad, S. (2011). The comparison of water absorption analysis between counterrotating and corotating twin-screw extruders with different antioxidants content in wood plastic composites. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.10.1155/2011/406284 ↗
36. Eisenreich, T.J., and Cox, D.S. (1992). Materials, Springer.
37. Recent development on carbon based heterostructures for their applications in energy and environment: A review10.1016/j.jiec.2018.02.029 ↗
38. Influence of auxetic foam in quasi-static axial crushing10.3139/146.111418 ↗