journal article·2024-01-04Open access

Recent Progress on the Tribology of Pure/Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings and Ionic Liquids

Shahsharif Shaikh, Mohammadamin Sadeghi, Sandra Cruz, Fábio Ferreira

Coatings· Volume 14· Issue 1

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in tribology concerning pure/doped diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs) and ionic liquid (ILs) interaction. DLC coatings are often used in industrial machinery and processes where sliding occurs between surfaces, leading to wear and degradation of their surfaces. DLC coatings are optimized by adjusting operating and deposition parameters as well as doping them with other elements to improve performance, such as thermal stability and chemical resistance. ILs are a promising green lubricant option due to their low melting temperature, superior thermal stability, and high miscibility with organic substances. ILs have been studied as neat lubricants and additives, and their tribological properties have been investigated, including their use as extreme temperature lubricants. The tribological properties of pure/doped DLC coatings with ILs have also been explored, although limited research has been conducted in this area. The combined effect of DLCs and ILs shows great promise in reducing energy loss due to friction, promoting longevity, and conserving energy.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Lubricants and Their Additives · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Tribology and Wear Analysis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

ARISE, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal

Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Department of System Process Engineering, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany

Laboratory for Wear, Testing and Materials, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal

Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA

Funding

FEDER funds through the program COMPETE—Programa Opera-cional Factores de Competitividade · national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia · SmartHyLub · Taiho Kogyo Tribology Research Foundation

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. The Impact of Tribology on Energy Use and CO2 Emission Globally and in Combustion Engine and Electric Cars10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.024 ↗
2. Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Passenger Cars10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022 ↗
3. Pinkus, O., and Wilcock, D.F. (1977). Strategy for Energy Conservation through Tribology, American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
4. Tribology Research in Japan—A State-of-the-Art Report10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_495_02 ↗
5. National Research Council of Canada (1986). Associate Committee on Tribology. A Strategy for Tribology in Canada: Enhancing Reliability and Efficiency through the Reduction of Wear and Friction.
6. (2023, March 21). What Is the Kyoto Protocol?|UNFCCC. Available online: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol.
7. (2023, March 21). The Paris Agreement|UNFCCC. Available online: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.
8. (2023, March 21). Q&A: Commission Proposal on the New Euro 7 Standards. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_22_6496.
9. Reeves, C.J., Siddaiah, A., and Menezes, P.L. (2017). A Review on the Science and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Biolubricants. J. Bio-Tribo-Corros., 3.10.1007/s40735-016-0069-5 ↗
10. Tribological Behavior of Biolubricant Base Stocks and Additives10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.024 ↗
11. Nowak, P., Kucharska, K., and Kamiński, M. (2019). Ecological and Health Effects of Lubricant Oils Emitted into the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.10.3390/ijerph16163002 ↗
12. The History and Mechanisms of ZDDP10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5 ↗
13. Synthesis, Thermal Behavior and Kinetic Study of N-Morpholinium Dicationic Ionic Liquids by Thermogravimetry10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115662 ↗
14. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Ionic Liquid 1-Methyl-1-Propylpyrrolidinium Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Imide10.1016/j.jlp.2019.05.005 ↗
15. Evaporation Thermodynamics of the Tetraoctylphosphonium Bis(Trifluoromethansulfonyl)Imide([P8888]NTf2) and Tetraoctylphosphonium Nonafluorobutane-1-Sulfonate ([P8888]NFBS) Ionic Liquids10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115892 ↗
16. Ionic Liquids in Space Technology–Current and Future Trends10.1002/cben.201600021 ↗
17. Evaluation of Vapor Pressure and Ultra-High Vacuum Tribological Properties of Ionic Liquids10.1080/10402004.2011.606963 ↗
18. A Review of Ionic Liquids for Green Molecular Lubrication in Nanotechnology10.1007/s11249-010-9671-8 ↗
19. Reeves, C.J., Siddaiah, A., and Menezes, P.L. (2017). Ionic Liquids: A Plausible Future of Bio-Lubricants. J. Bio Tribo-Corros., 3.10.1007/s40735-017-0076-1 ↗
20. Ionic Liquid Lubricants: When Chemistry Meets Tribology10.1039/D0CS00126K ↗
21. Ionic Liquids as Alternative Lubricants for Special Applications10.1002/ceat.200900325 ↗
22. Is More Always Better? Tribofilm Evolution and Tribological Behavior Impacted by the Concentration of ZDDP, Ionic Liquid, and ZDDP-Ionic Liquid Combination10.1016/j.wear.2019.202951 ↗
23. Triboelectrochemical Friction Control of W- and Ag-Doped DLC Coatings in Water-Glycol with Ionic Liquids as Lubricant Additives10.1039/D1RA08814A ↗
24. DLC-Based Solid–Liquid Synergetic Lubricating Coatings for Improving Tribological Behavior of Boundary Lubricated Surfaces under High Vacuum Condition10.1016/j.wear.2011.03.021 ↗
25. Lubrication of DLC Coatings with Two Tris(Pentafluoroethyl)Trifluorophosphate Anion-Based Ionic Liquids10.1080/10402004.2013.810319 ↗
26. Friction and Wear Properties of GLC and DLC Coatings under Ionic Liquid Lubrication10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106067 ↗
27. Kumar, A., Kumar, M., and Tailor, S. (2023). Self-Lubricating Composite Coatings: A Review of Deposition Techniques and Material Advancement. Mater. Today Proc.10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.035 ↗
28. Friction and Wear Performance of Boundary-Lubricated DLC/DLC Contacts in Synthetic Base Oil10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.215 ↗
29. Santhosh, N., Shankar, G., and Nunthavarawong, P. (2023). Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings, CRC Press.10.1201/9781003189381 ↗
30. Fretting Behaviors of Self-Mated Diamond-like Carbon Films: The Evolution of Fretting Regime and Transfer Film10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.032 ↗
31. Nguyen Tri, P., Rtimi, S., and Ouellet Plamondon, C.M. (2019). Nanomaterials-Based Coatings, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-12-815884-5.00001-6 ↗
32. Diamond-like Carbon Films for Tribological Modification of Rubber10.1515/ntrev-2022-0481 ↗
33. Nanoindentation Test of a DLC Coated High-Speed Steel Substrate Using a Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Finite Element Method10.1016/j.diamond.2023.109792 ↗
34. Biomedical Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings: A Review10.1002/jbm.b.30768 ↗
35. Influence of Si-and W-Doping on Micro-Scale Reciprocating Wear and Impact Performance of DLC Coatings on Hardened Steel10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107063 ↗
36. (2023, March 12). Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Market Size, Share, Scope, Trends & Forecast. Available online: https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/diamond-like-carbon-dlc-market/.
37. Diamond-like Carbon Coatings Deposited by Deep Oscillation Magnetron Sputtering in Ar-Ne Discharges10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107521 ↗
38. 60years of DLC Coatings: Historical Highlights and Technical Review of Cathodic Arc Processes to Synthesize Various DLC Types, and Their Evolution for Industrial Applications10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.08.017 ↗
39. Thermal Stability and High-Temperature Tribological Properties of AC: H and Si-DLC Deposited by Microwave Sheath Voltage Combination Plasma10.2474/trol.8.257 ↗
40. Roughness and Deposition Mechanism of DLC Films Prepared by r.f. Plasma Glow Discharge10.1016/S0042-207X(98)00115-8 ↗
41. Pulsed-Laser Deposition of “Diamond-like” Carbon Coating on YBa2Cu3O7 High-Tc Superconductor Films10.1016/0169-4332(95)00276-6 ↗
42. Structure and Mechanical Properties of W Incorporated Diamond-like Carbon Films Prepared by a Hybrid Ion Beam Deposition Technique10.1016/j.carbon.2005.12.045 ↗
43. Influence of the Magnetic Field on DLC Coatings Grown by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition in Crossed Fields10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.012 ↗
44. Plasma Study and Deposition of DLC/TiC/Ti Multilayer Structures Using Technique Combining Pulsed Laser Deposition and Magnetron Sputtering10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.087 ↗
45. Effect of Bias Voltage on Diamond-like Carbon Film Deposited on PMMA Substrate10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.06.071 ↗
46. Deposition of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings: Conventional to Non-Conventional Approaches for Emerging Markets10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.07.005 ↗
47. Effect of Target Self-Bias Voltage on the Mechanical Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering10.1016/j.tsf.2004.04.006 ↗
48. Tribological Properties and Adhesive Strength of DLC Coatings Prepared under Different Substrate Bias Voltages10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00541-5 ↗
49. Effects of Electrode Distance on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Hydrogenated Dlc Films Deposited by Dc-Pulse PECVD10.1142/S0218625X20500456 ↗
50. Lux, H., Edling, M., Lucci, M., Kitzmann, J., Villringer, C., Siemroth, P., De Matteis, F., and Schrader, S. (2019). The Role of Substrate Temperature and Magnetic Filtering for DLC by Cathodic Arc Evaporation. Coatings, 9.10.3390/coatings9050345 ↗
51. Effect of Substrate Temperature on Properties of Diamond-like Films Deposited by Combined DC Impulse Vacuum-Arc Method10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.10.023 ↗
52. Effect of Structure on the Secondary Electron Emission of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Films10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.109043 ↗
53. Characterization of Nano-Crystalline Diamond like Carbon (DLC) Films with Substrate Temperature Using Dense Plasma Focusing Method10.1063/1.3460244 ↗
54. Structure Evolution and Stress Transition in Diamond-like Carbon Films by Glancing Angle Deposition10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.02.063 ↗
55. Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Diamond-like Carbon Composite Films10.1016/j.diamond.2007.08.004 ↗
56. Microstructure and Tribomechanical Properties of (Cr, N)-DLC/DLC Multilayer Films Deposited by a Combination of Filtered and Direct Cathodic Vacuum Arcs10.1016/j.diamond.2015.10.019 ↗
57. Effects of Sliding Velocity and Ambient Temperature on the Friction and Wear of a Boundary-Lubricated, Multi-Layered DLC Coating10.1016/j.wear.2014.04.002 ↗
58. Optimizing Diamond-like Carbon Coatings—From Experimental Era to Artificial Intelligence10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.10.149 ↗
59. Design and Optimization of Surface Properties for Diamond-Like Carbon Films by Sputtering Depositions10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.401-403.762 ↗
60. Der Analysis of Surface Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Films by a Sputtering Deposition10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.662.505 ↗
61. Optimization of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Process Parameters for Hardness Improvement of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings
62. Parametric Optimisation of Friction and Wear of a Multi-Layered a-C:H Coating on AISI 52100 Steel10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132166 ↗
63. Structural and Electrical Properties of Cr Doped A-C:H Films Synthesized by a Cathodic-Arc Activated Deposition Process10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.037 ↗
64. Mo Doped DLC Nanocomposite Coatings with Improved Mechanical and Blood Compatibility Properties10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.155 ↗
65. Tribological Behavior of Nickel-Doped Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Films Prepared on Silicon Substrates via Magnetron Sputtering Deposition10.1080/10402004.2015.1110864 ↗
66. Structural and Optical Properties of Gold-Incorporated Diamond-like Carbon Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering10.1088/2053-1591/aa7430 ↗
67. A Niobium and Nitrogen Co-Doped DLC Film Electrode and Its Electrochemical Properties10.1149/2.1001714jes ↗
68. Effects of HiPIMS Pulse-Length on Plasma Discharge and on the Properties of WC-DLC Coatings10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.046 ↗
69. Synergistic Improving of Tribological Properties of Amorphous Carbon Film Enhanced by F–Si-Doped Multilayer Structure under Corrosive Environment10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.006 ↗
70. Excellent Mechanical, Tribological and Anti-Corrosive Performance of Novel Ti-DLC Nanocomposite Thin Films Prepared via Magnetron Sputtering Method10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.031 ↗
71. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Ti-Doped DLC Films by a Hybrid PVD/PECVD Process10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.10.151 ↗
72. Rana, R., Walia, R.S., and Murtaza, Q. (2021). Characterization and Parametric Optimization of Performance Parameters of DLC-Coated Tungsten Carbide (WC) Tool Using TOPSIS. Coatings, 11.10.3390/coatings11070760 ↗
73. Preparation and Characterization of High Quality Diamond like Carbon Films on Si Microspheres10.1016/j.matlet.2018.03.057 ↗
74. Comparison between Corrosion Behaviour of DLC and N-DLC Coatings Deposited by DC-Pulsed PACVD Technique10.1016/j.diamond.2019.04.007 ↗
75. Antibacterial Effects of Bimetallic Clusters Incorporated in Amorphous Carbon for Stent Application10.1021/acsami.0c02821 ↗
76. Antunes, J., Matos, K., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, S., Ferreira, F., and Cruz, S.M.A. (2022). Physical Vapor Deposition Technology in Personal Protective Equipment Production: Improved Antibacterial and Hydrophobic Character of Textiles. Coatings, 12.10.3390/coatings12101399 ↗
77. Silver-Doped Nanocomposite Carbon Coatings (Ag-DLC) for Biomedical Applications—Physiochemical and Biological Evaluation10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.117 ↗
78. The Thermal Stability of Diamond-like Carbon10.1016/0925-9635(94)00243-6 ↗
79. High-Temperature Tribological Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Films: A Review10.1515/rams-2021-0028 ↗
80. Tribological Behavior of Diamond-like Carbon Thin Films Deposited by the Pulse Laser Technique at Different Substrate Temperatures10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.013 ↗
81. Microstructure and High-Temperature Tribological Properties of Si-Doped Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon Films10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.194 ↗
82. Tribochemical Reactions and Graphitization of Diamond-like Carbon against Alumina Give Volcano-Type Temperature Dependence of Friction Coefficients: A Tight-Binding Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics Simulation10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.034 ↗
83. Improving High Temperature Tribological Performances of Si Doped Diamond-like Carbon by Using W Interlayer10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106241 ↗
84. Field, J.E. (1979). The Properties of Diamond, Academic Press.
85. Rajak, D.K., Kumar, A., Behera, A., and Menezes, P.L. (2021). Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings: Classification, Properties, and Applications. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11104445 ↗
86. Outka, D.A., Hsu, W.L., Boehme, D.R., Yang, N.Y.C., Johnsen, H.A., Clift, W.M., and Headley, T.J. (1994). Compilation of Diamond-Like Carbon Properties for Barriers and Hard Coatings, Sandia National Labs.10.2172/10132872 ↗
87. Ohtake, N., Hiratsuka, M., Kanda, K., Akasaka, H., Tsujioka, M., Hirakuri, K., Hirata, A., Ohana, T., Inaba, H., and Kano, M. (2021). Properties and Classification of Diamond-Like Carbon Films. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14020315 ↗
88. Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of 316L Stainless Steel for Joint Replacement Application by Ti-Doped and Ti-Interlayered DLC Films10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127734 ↗
89. Influence of Positive Pulse Voltages on Structure, Mechanical, and Corrosion Inhibition Characteristics of Si/DLC Coatings10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128749 ↗
90. A Review on Tribological Study of DLC Coatings in Combination with Bio Based Lubricants
91. Friction Control of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00275-2 ↗
92. Frictional Properties of Diamondlike Carbon Layers10.1063/1.91465 ↗
93. An Investigation of the Relationship between Graphitization and Frictional Behavior of DLC Coatings10.1016/S0257-8972(96)03057-5 ↗
94. Friction and Wear Behavior of Hard Carbon Films10.1080/05698198708981739 ↗
95. The Effect of Hydrogen on the Tribological Behavior of Diamond like Carbon (DLC) Coatings Sliding against Al2O3 in Water Environment10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.045 ↗
96. Influence of Exposure to an Atmosphere of High Relative Humidity on Tribological Properties of Diamondlike Carbon Films10.1116/1.575934 ↗
97. Tribological Behavior of Sliding Diamond-like Carbon Films under Various Environments10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00163-X ↗
98. Effects of Sliding Velocity and Normal Load on Friction and Wear Characteristics of Multi-Layered Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Coating Prepared by Reactive Sputtering10.1016/j.wear.2012.10.009 ↗
99. An Updated Overview of Diamond-like Carbon Coating in Tribology
100. Ionic Liquids as Green and Smart Lubricant Application: An Overview10.1007/s11581-022-04699-w ↗